Unit 1 SSUSH 1 SSUSH 2 SSUSH 3

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Unit 1: SSUSH 1, SSUSH 2, SSUSH 3, SSUSH 4 1600 -1783

Unit 1: SSUSH 1, SSUSH 2, SSUSH 3, SSUSH 4 1600 -1783

 • European settlement in North America during the 17 th century. • A.

• European settlement in North America during the 17 th century. • A. The first permanent English colony was settled in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. This colony was founded by the Virginia Company, which was a joint-stock (investors) company. This colony is helped by Native Americans like the Powhatan Confederation. Tobacco cultivation was the way this colony made money and survived. John Rolfe was credited with a new curing method for tobacco.

 • B. The Virginia Colony was the first to have a representative form

• B. The Virginia Colony was the first to have a representative form of government. In order to govern themselves, Virginia created a legislative assembly called The House of Burgesses.

 • C. Bacon’s Rebellion erupted in western Virginia (1676) when settlers/backcountry farmers wanted

• C. Bacon’s Rebellion erupted in western Virginia (1676) when settlers/backcountry farmers wanted protection from Native American attacks. • D. Slavery began very early in the colonies, the first slaves arrived in 1619 (from Dutch traders). Indentured servants had been used in the south but planters found that slavery worked better for them. The South’s agriculturally based economy (rice and indigo in addition to tobacco) also caused slavery to flourish.

 • The Settlement of New England (mostly families). • A. The New England

• The Settlement of New England (mostly families). • A. The New England Colonies were mostly founded by people seeking religious freedom. These colonists had been persecuted in their home countries for religious reasons and now they came to the New World seeking tolerance.

 • B. In the beginning relations with the Native Americans were friendly, but

• B. In the beginning relations with the Native Americans were friendly, but as more settlers arrived taking more land, The Native Americans rose to fight such as King’s Phillip’s War. A Native American chief named Metacomet created a confederation of tribes to fight the colonists, thousands died on each side, but Native American resistance ended in New England (few remained in the area). • C. Town meetings developed in New England as a form of democratic representation. Eventually legislatures were created in the colonies to help govern the people.

 • D. Religious tensions started to grow and some colonists were forced to

• D. Religious tensions started to grow and some colonists were forced to move from Massachusetts. They founded a new colony called Rhode Island. This colony was led by Roger Williams and he called for religious toleration in the New World. • E. In the 1660’s religious leaders tried to get their members to commit to the church and they created The Half-Way Covenant. It allowed for partial church membership for children/grandchildren of the original Puritans.

 • The Salem Witch Trials took place in Massachusetts. This was a wave

• The Salem Witch Trials took place in Massachusetts. This was a wave of frenzy and superstition where some children accused their friends and neighbors of being witches. • In 1684 the government in England revoked the charter for Massachusetts. The charter was revoked because the colony had “violated all acts of trade and navigation”. The colonists were evading The Navigation Acts which the King had put in place to tax the colonies. The acts made England the most dominant in trade.

 • The Mid-Atlantic (or “Middle”) Colonies developed a little differently than either the

• The Mid-Atlantic (or “Middle”) Colonies developed a little differently than either the New England or Southern colonies. • A. The Mid- Atlantic colonies were originally settled by non English colonists. The Dutch settled in New Amsterdam, which later became New York when the British defeated the Dutch and took their colony. • B. Pennsylvania was originally settled under the leadership of William Penn. He obtained a charter in order to found a place for people of the Quaker religion. Later on other groups of people, such as the Dutch and Germans, moved

 • The French had come to the New World to settle Canada was

• The French had come to the New World to settle Canada was rich in many products including furs and timber. The city of Quebec was set up as a trading center and military fort. The British and French developed a bitter commercial rivalry over the Ohio River Valley and The Great Lakes regions.

 • The development of the British North American economy. • A. Mercantilism was

• The development of the British North American economy. • A. Mercantilism was a system of trade that developed with the growing colonial empires of Britain, France, and Spain. In this system the colonies existed only to profit the parent country. The ultimate goal was to accumulate gold and silver.

 • B. The trans-Atlantic trade system was an exchange of goods between the

• B. The trans-Atlantic trade system was an exchange of goods between the New and the Old World. Products like furs, tobacco, indigo, and rum went to Europe from the colonies. Europe sent manufactured goods and Africa sent slaves to the New World. • Columbian Exchange – between Europe and New World • Triangular trade: between Europe, Africa, and Americas • Leg of the trip between Africa and Caribbean= Middle Passage

 • A. The Middle Passage was the voyage slaves took to the West

• A. The Middle Passage was the voyage slaves took to the West Indies. It was a horrible ordeal, 20 -30% of the people would not survive the trip. • B. The demand for slaves increased as more land came into cultivation in the South and West Indies. The African-American population grew quickly from a few thousand in 1670 to hundreds of thousands in the 1730’s. By 1750 about half of Virginia’s population was slave. • C. African-American culture: blended languages, music, religion, etc.

 • Benjamin Franklin was a symbol of social mobility and individualism. • A.

• Benjamin Franklin was a symbol of social mobility and individualism. • A. Franklin was born a poor boy and as a young man he was apprenticed to a printer. He read all the books he could and also he became a master printer. He became a very wealthy man. • B. He was an inventor, a philosopher, a scientist, and a diplomat. Benjamin Franklin was the most admired American by Europeans.

 • The Great Awakening was an effort on the part of religious leaders

• The Great Awakening was an effort on the part of religious leaders to reconfirm their Puritan roots. The movement was led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield. This awakening had a profound impact on American religion. It stressed dependence on God and gained popularity among farmers, workers, and enslaved people.

 • The French vs. English imperial competition for the Ohio river Valley resulted

• The French vs. English imperial competition for the Ohio river Valley resulted in series of wars that culminated in The French and Indian War 1754 -1763. The British won and most French were expelled from the territory. To pay off war debt, the British began taxing the colonists. The colonists believed they had done all of the fighting and now had to pay for the war in their taxes. People in the colonies began to resent British control. • A. Britain issued The Proclamation of 1763 which forbid settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains. This further angered the colonists who believed they had a right to settle anywhere they wanted. The ground work is now laid down for The American Revolution.

 • Now the British start to enforce the Stamp Act, a tax on

• Now the British start to enforce the Stamp Act, a tax on paper products, and The Intolerable Acts, which closed the port of Boston, called for the trial of royal officials in England, and forced colonists to house troops. The province of Quebec was extended to the Ohio River taking lands from settlers already there.

 • A. These acts caused the formation of The Sons and Daughters of

• A. These acts caused the formation of The Sons and Daughters of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence. The first were made up of lawyers, artisans, politicians, and merchants and they came together to protest the Stamp Act. • B. The Committees of Correspondence were given the job of informing colonists and the rest of the world about what King George III was doing.

 • In 1776 Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense. This work

• In 1776 Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense. This work was extremely influential in persuading colonist to break away from England become independent. Paine argued that it was against common sense for such a small island to rule as large an area as the 13 colonies. This influenced Thomas Jefferson.

The American Revolution 1775 -1783 • The Declaration of Independence was primarily written by

The American Revolution 1775 -1783 • The Declaration of Independence was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson and it was published July 4 th, 1776. • A. The language of the Declaration was designed to present the grievances against George III by the colonists. Jefferson wanted it published to make clear to the rest of the world why the colonies should be independent.

 • B. The Declaration was based in part on the writings of John

• B. The Declaration was based in part on the writings of John Locke and Baron Montesquieu. Locke argued against rule by divine right, that power rests with the people, and all men have certain rights guaranteed by God. • C. Montesquieu wrote that the best form of government was a republic (representative government ).

 • After the revolution had started, the Americans asked for help from France

• After the revolution had started, the Americans asked for help from France and England had been enemies for hundreds of years. Benjamin Franklin, the colonies greatest diplomat, went to France to negotiate a treaty of assistance. • A. The Marquis de Lafayette helped Franklin with the negotiations and later he served in the war. • C. France sent money, troops, and ships to fight in the war. Without France’s help we might not have achieved our independence.

 • George Washington was the most experienced military person in the colonies. He

• George Washington was the most experienced military person in the colonies. He had fought bravely in the French and Indian War, and he was chosen to lead the new colonial army. • A. With the help of Baron von Steuben and Marquis de Lafayette, General Washington created a professional military organization. By the end of the war, soldiers were well trained and equipped.

 • B. The common solder lived a hard life. For the first several

• B. The common solder lived a hard life. For the first several years of the war he was poorly fed or supplied. The army was based at Valley Forge Pa. (2500 men died during the winter there, and the following summer, after the battle of Saratoga, the French joined the war on the side of the Americans) and it was in danger of disintegration. • Washington planned and executed a brilliant attack across the Delaware river. This attack destroyed a Hessian (German) regiment of 1200 men. This attack boosted morale.

 • The final decisive battle of The Revolutionary War was the battle of

• The final decisive battle of The Revolutionary War was the battle of Yorktown (Virginia). • A. The British were commanded by the finest British General of the time, Lord Cornwallis. Lafayette reported that the British could be trapped if Washington would take his army to Yorktown and surround the British. This was the second whole British army defeated in the war and this defeat convinced the British government to ask for peace. • B. The Treaty of Paris 1783 was signed and the war was over. In this treaty the British recognized the existence of The United States, established the Mississippi River as the western boundary of the U. S. , and gave America fishing rights off the coast of Canada.