n Essential Question How effective was Andrew Jackson

n Essential Question: –How effective was Andrew Jackson as 7 th president of the United States?

The Election of 1824

Jacksonian Democracy

Jacksonian Democracy n When Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828, it represented a Jackson advocated “negative activism” & new erapresidential in American history: increased powers by using the veto more times than anypresident previous president –He was the first that represented the “common man” –His party (the Democrats) took advantage of the extension of suffrage to common white men –He greatly expanded the powers of the presidency.

Spoils System n When Jackson was elected, he rewarded loyal supporters with gov’t jobs (the spoils system) –Massive turnover in the civil service had not styet occurred Jackson was not the 1 to do this… he –Rotation in office began to be just extended it to more people! as a very democratic way “Getseen their rascals out…and our rascals in” to reduce gov’t corruption & incompetence

The Peggy Eaton Affair n Jackson’ s presidency began rough with the Petticoat Affair: – His entire cabinet resigned Only Sec of State Van Buren when Jackson supported the remained loyal to Jackson moral character of Sec. of War John Eaton’s wife (Margaret/”Peggy”) –Jackson formed a new cabinet but relied almost exclusively on his close friends & unofficial advisors (the “Kitchen Cabinet”) Cabinet

Kentucky. Maysville was home of. Road Henry. Project Clay, who n The “National” led by Jackson never forgave for. Republicans the “Corrupt Bargain” H. Clay & JQ Adams split with the Jackson vetoed 7 other bills of public old-style Democratic-Republicans works projects, including roads and canals n President Jackson dealt a blow to the American System: –He was OK with national projects but did not like spending federal money for state projects –In 1830, Jackson vetoed funds for the Maysville Road because it was exclusively in Kentucky.

The Nullification Crisis

The Nullification Crisis Calhoun Southerners (SC) led hated the tariffs argument for 2 formain nullification reasons: n. Exposition By increase 1820, &the South was anxious in tariffs the Protest costs in of 1828 foreign to protect industrial about federal powers over states: Southern goods (which rights are against usually Northern cheaper self-interest than those made in America) so goods are more “Tariff of Abominations” –VP Calhoun became the expensive AND countries reciprocate with defender rights” high tariffsofon“states’ American cotton –He wanted to protect slavery & hated industrial protective tariffs –After the Tariff of 1828 passed, the South affirmed nullification (the right of an individual state to ignore federal laws)

The Nullification Crisis In 1833, Henry Clay presented a n 4 years later, passed compromise which. Congress severely lowered the tariff, withdrew nullification, Jackson the. SCTariff of 1832; South&Carolina 1832 did not have to enforce the Force Act invoked nullification & refused to This 1832 tariff actually intended to lower collect tariff the Tariff of duties Abominations, but Southerners viewed nullification the tariff as anas a n Jackson viewed unconstitutional violation of states’ rights treasonous threat to the Union –Congress passed the Force Bill to make S. C. collect tariff taxes –Jackson threatened to “hang Calhoun from the nearest tree”

The Nullification Crisis n Significance of Nullification Crisis: –Nullification implied that states had the right to declare federal laws void & the right to secede from the Union –More than any other president, Jackson asserted that the central gov’t is supreme over the states & was willing to use force to preserve federal authority

tariff debates among the North, South, & In. The 1829, a NE Congressmen introduced West increased rivalries a bill to slowsectional western land salesin the 1830 s (this bill was really an effort to keep NE’s power in Congress from slipping) Daniel Webster (MA) countered: “Liberty & Union, now & forever, one & inseparable” Robert Hayne (SC) proposed nullification & This bill led to sectional tensions, culminating “Liberty first & an alliance between South in the Webster-Hayne Debate in 1830 Union afterwards” & West against NE

Webster-Hayne Debate n Daniel Webster presented one of the most significant arguments against states’ rights & nullification –The U. S. was more than just a compact of states…it was a creation of the people –The Constitution gave the national gov’t ultimate power & supremacy over the states –Nullification would lead to anarchy & civil war

Indian Removal

Indian Removal n Southerners were disappointed with JQ Adams’ slow movement in dealing with Indians n Jackson promised to act quickly but the Cherokee were a problem: –They were not “uncivilized” because they had a republican gov’t, an agrarian lifestyle, & a formal alphabet (Sequoyah) –They refused to move from GA

The Cherokee Nation by 1820 Cherokee Chief “Major Ridge”

n When Indian Removal gold was discovered in GA, Two more John Marshall decisions!! the GA gov’t abolished Cherokee GA defied the&Supreme decisions tribal rule defied Court’s the Constitution & continued to take Cherokee lands –Jackson the “Marshall states & Jackson supported GA’s defiance: asked Congress theenforce Indianit” has made his decision, now for let him Removal Act of 1830 –But…the Supreme Court ruled in Cherokee Nation v GA (1831) & Worcester v GA (1832) that the states have no power over tribes

In 1838, the U. S. Army forced the Cherokees west on the “Trail of Tears”

The Trail of Tears

The Trail of Tears

n Essential Question: Question –How effective was Andrew Jackson as 7 th president of the United States? n Warm-Up Question: –Considering their many accomplishments, who was the more influential leader: Henry Clay or Andrew Jackson?

Henry Clay n Speaker of House/ Sec of State n American System: – 2 nd BUS – Protective Tariff – Roads & canals n 1820 -Missouri Comp n 1824 -Corrupt Bargain n 1833 -Compromise Tariff (Nullif Crisis) n 2 -time prez candidate Andrew Jackson n General/President n Hero of New Orleans n Florida cession n President – Spoils System – 1830 -Indian Removal Act – 1833 -Force Bill (Nullification Crisis) – Death of the BUS – Specie Circular

The Bank War & the Second Party System

Bank War 1828, The the national gov’t These. Instate-chartered banks had coined tendency only a limited supply of hard money ton issue more loans than they could The major political issue of support & their printed no paper money at all with “hard currency” reserves Jackson’s reign was his killing of All America’s paperofbank theof. Second Bank thenotes U. S. : U. S. which financed land purchases, businesses, & –The BUSgrowth held ~$10 million in economic came from these private, state-chartered banks to gov’t money & made loans nd BUS had 30 branches & The 2 people & businesses was biggest bank in America –The BUS helped control America’s 329 private, statechartered banks by forcing them to be smart when issuing loans

The Second Bank of the U. S.

n But The Bank War the BUS was controversial: –Many blamed it for a depression in 1819 by overextending credit & too quickly calling in loans –Many people still viewed the BUS as an unconstitutional monopoly that gave too much power to the upper class –BUS manager Nicholas Biddle was effective, but seen as arrogant, vain, & “aristocratic”

The Bank Veto n Since entering office in 1828, Congress was unable to override the veto Jackson disliked the BUS Jackson’s veto did not immediately kill the n Clay, Webster, & Biddle worried BUS…its charter would not end for 4 years about the future of the BUS whose expiration was up in 1836 Jackson frequently attacked the bank as nan Congress re-chartered the BUS in agency through which speculators & 1832 but Jackson it: monopolists cheated vetoed honest farmers – Claimed it unconstitutional, a violation of states’ rights, & “dangerous to people’s liberties”

The Election of 1832 n Jackson’s veto surprised the financial community but was very popular in the South & West n Jackson made the BUS a key issue in the election of 1832: –Jackson defeated Henry Clay –Jackson viewed his win as a mandate by the people to continue his war against the BUS

The Bank War n Jackson attacked the BUS by withdrawing all federal money & moved the funds to 23 state banks n Jackson’s opponents argued that he overstepped his authority: –Unpopular in Jackson’s Favorable state banks cabinet were called or “wildcat” –Some who“pet” supported hisbanks veto of Irony? the re-charter now ended questioned This move effectively whether Jackson gone too Henry Clay’s Americanhad System far & overstepped his powers

Killing the Bank n Jackson issued the Specie Circular …andto. Jackson’s successor, in 1836 move U. S. away. Martin from Van Buren, will have to deal with paper money by accepting only gold or silver (specie) for land sales n The economy sank & Panic of 1837 led to a 6 -year recession due to: –Price inflation & the inconsistent extension of credit by “pet” banks –Drop in worldwide cotton prices

The Panic of 1837

The Emergence of the Whig Party

The Emergence of the Whigs n In 1834, an anti-Jackson coalition formed a new party, the Whigs: Whigs –Supported by ex-Federalists, Were strongly opposed “Clay Republicans, ” to “Kingcommercial Andrew” farmers in the West & South, industrialists in the North –Supported a strong national gov’t & economic regulation n The Whigs gained support during the Panic of 1837 & the recession

n Andrew Conclusions Jackson ushered in a new form of politics by embracing the surge in democratic suffrage: –Forming the Democratic Party, active campaigning, the spoils system, & “common man” image –Jackson’s liberal use of the veto strengthened presidential power –Opposition to Jackson led to the permanent two-party system

The Whig Party

The Enigma: Andrew Jackson

Analyze Andrew Jackson Cartoon

n Review Question: Question – What characteristics of “Jacksonian politics” do we see today? – Which aspect of Jackson’s presidency was most significant: strengthening the national gov’t by resisting nullification OR damaging the economy during the Bank War?