Organizing Your Speech Linear organization Overview The organization

Organizing Your Speech Linear organization 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Overview • The organization of the body of the speech • The Introduction • The conclusion 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Why do we Organize Speeches • Effective organization helps public speakers by simplifying content preparation. -- To get started, choose an organizational pattern. -- Develop a list of main points. -- Increase speaker’s credibility and confidence (i. e. focusing on delivery rather than recall). Speech Topic The advantage of getting a college education Main Points 1. Salary differences between high-school and college graduates 2. Life status differences between highschool and college graduates 3. Health outcome differences between high-school and college graduates 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Why do we Organize Speeches Effective organization helps listeners -- Helps listeners understand, remember, and listen to speech. (clear logics, links, transitional words…) -- Allows listeners to enjoy the message, rather than struggle to follow it. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Guidelines for Organizing your Content Step 1: Develop the body of your speech first. Decide upon the major ideas you’ll highlight in your speech and then go back and introduce them effectively. Step 2: Clearly state your central idea, idea which provides the backbone for your speech. Central idea Speech topic “Capital punishment is Ethics of capital unethical because it punishment unfairly targets minorities, is irrevocable, and is a violation of basic Main points 1. Is unfair to minorities. 2. Cannot be revoked. 3. Violates human rights. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Make sure your supporting materials are directly relevant to the main points I. There are several reasons why people immigrate to the United States. A. Over the years, millions of people have immigrated to the United States B. Many people immigrate in the search of economic opportunity. C. Others immigrate to attain political freedom. D. Still others immigrate to escape religious persecution. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Guidelines for Organizing your Content Step 3: Limit your number of main points. • Using more than five points will make it difficult for you and your audience to remember your message. • Limit yourself to the number of points you can fully develop and remember during your speech. • Keeping your number of points low will help your audience recall your main points. Length of speech Number of main points 3 to 4 minutes 2 5 to 7 minutes 3 to 4 10 minutes or more Up to 5 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Point + proof, proof • Make a logical argument • Easy to follow • Best with 3 points 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Tips for Preparing Main Points • Write your main points in as few words as possible. √ Effective “The tax code penalizes married couples. ” × Ineffective “ The tax code is unfair because people who are married pay more taxes than people who are single of those who love together have to pay. ” • Use parallel main points to help yourself and audience members recall your main points. Speech topic The benefits of internship Parallel main points 1. Internships are beneficial because they provide job skills. 2. Internships are beneficial because they provide business contacts. 3. Internships are beneficial because they provide job opportunities. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Tips for Preparing Main Points • Keep main points separate. Ineffective I. The first step is choosing the play. II. The second step is selecting the cast. III. The third step is conducting rehearsals and then performing the play Effective I. The first step is choosing the play. II. The second step is selecting the cast. III. The third step is conducting rehearsals. IV. The fourth step is performing the play. • Balance the amount of time devoted to main points. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Tips for Preparing Main Points • Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points Ineffective Effective I. Regular exercise increases your endurance. II. Your sleeping pattern is II. Regular exercise improves improved by regular your sleeping pattern. exercise. III. Regular exercise helps III. It is possible to help control your weight by regular exercise. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Guidelines for Organizing your Content Step 4: Organize your points in a logical sequence • Arrange your ideas in an order that make sense. • E. g. , job skill contacts job opportunities Step 5: Identify your sources Do Example When you make a claim, you need “ Air pollution today is the worst to support it. it has ever been. ” Indicate the source of the support “ Environmental Protection you offer. Agency Report published in 2009” Provide the specific source and integrate it smoothly into your speech. “According to the EPA, …” 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Organization Patterns for Informative Speech 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Chronological Geographical/Space sequence Cause and effect Topical Formula or gimmick • Some organizational patterns can also be used for persuasive speeches 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Chronological • Used to discuss a series of events that happened in order. Types Historical Sample Speech Topics “Today, I am going to discuss the escalation of the United States’ involvement in the Vietnam War. ” Someone’s life “Let’s take a look of the life of John F. Kennedy. ” Instructions “By the end of this speech, you’ll know exactly how to plant your own English garden. ” Processes “Now, let’s examine how an amendment is added to China’s Constitution. ” 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Geographical or Space Sequence • Use this pattern to -- Discuss your main points based on physical proximity -- Describe a place or an object e. g. , “Today, we’ll take a tour of the country’s national parks, from the west to the east coast. ” 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Cause and Effect • Highlighting causes of a problem and discussing their effects. • E. g. , Speech topic Causes Air Pollution 1. Car emissions 2. Dust from construction 3. Manufacturing emissions Effects 1. Breathing difficulties 2. Allergies 3. Can shorten life span 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Topical • Use when you want to take a broad topic and divide it into categories, e. g. , Speech topic Categories or main points Weight loss 1. Exercise 2. Nutrition 3. Genetics 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Formula or Gimmick • Helpful for improving memory by spelling a word with the first letter of each main topic, e. g. , Speech topic Formula or Gimmick Main points Adolescent drug -resistance strategies R Refuse E Explain A Avoid L Leave • Or, begin each point with the same letter, e. g. , -- The four C’s of diamonds include: cut, clarity, color, and carat. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Four Persuasive Organizational Patterns Pattern #1: Pro-con recognize the counter argument and impress your audience with a compelling argument for the other side of the issue. -- Use stronger evidence for one side. -- Attack the other side of the issue. Speech topic Gun Control Laws Your argument Counter argument “Stronger gun control laws might increase the will decrease the number of deaths by the number of people who of deaths due to accidents. ” cannot defend themselves because they do not have guns. ” Acknowledge an aspect or advantage of the counter argument, such as “Currently, you can own a gun to defend yourself. ” Use strong evidence to support your arguments, such as “However, there are many more deaths caused by accidents than by those who do not have access to guns to defend themselves. ” 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Pattern #2 Problem-Solution Speech topic Obesity in China Problem Solution “Three problems occur because of obesity. Obesity leads to increased health costs, decrease the quality of life for the obese, and can even lead to premature death. ” “We can solve the problems of obesity by decreasing the size of portions in restaurants, decreasing the reliance on automobiles, and decreasing the consumption of processed foods. ” 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Pattern #3 Elimination–Order Pattern • Describe possible solutions and eliminate all but yours, and explain why only your solution will successfully solve the problem. Speech topic Possible solutions Eliminate all solutions except your own Overcrowding in the parking lots on campus “There are three solutions to 1. “It costs too much, and we don’t have enough land. ” 2. “Students don’t want to ride a shuttle bus, and it increases air pollution. ” 3. The best solution is to build bike paths. ” the parking problem on campus: 1. Build more garages on campus; 2. Build lots off campus and shuttle students in, or 3. Build more bike paths. Evidence: “At other universities, the building of bike paths has 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心 decreased congestion in parking lot. ”

Pattern #4 Formula or Gimmick （窍门） • Helpful for improving memory by spelling a word with the first letter of each main topic, e. g. , Speech topic Adolescent drugresistance strategies Formula or Gimmick Main points R Refuse E Explain A Avoid L Leave • Or, begin each point with the same letter, e. g. , -- The four C’s of diamonds include: cut, clarity, color, and carat. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Monroe's motivated sequence • Monroe‘s motivated sequence is a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action. It was developed in the mid-1930 s by Alan H. Monroe at Purdue University. It consists of five steps. • The advantage of Monroe's Motivated Sequence is that it emphasizes what the audience can do. Too often the audience feels like a situation is hopeless; Monroe's motivated sequence emphasizes the action the audience can take. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Commercials, editorials, and political speeches often use this technique. Five steps: ANSVA -- Attention: Visualize or show serious a problem is. -- Need: Explain why the audience should be concerned with a particular problem and why they should change a belief, attitude, or behavior. -- Satisfaction: Explain how your solution will address the problem or need. -- Visualization: Motivate audience with a mental picture and solution. -- Action: Advise ways to change by providing instructions 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Evaluation of an Introduction 1. Capture your audience’s attention (9 strategies); 2. State your purpose and topic (see an example); 3. Establish relevance to your audience (see an example); 4. Build your credibility/authority over your topic (e. g. , personal experience and/or extensive research); 5. Transition into the body of your speech (see an example). 6. Set your tone (i. e. , lighthearted or serious); 7. Preview your main points (a map to navigate the speech with all the major points); Remember: Remember A good introduction should be between 45 and 60 seconds or accounts for 10全国基�外�教育研究培�中心 20% of your speech.

1. Capture your audience’s attention (9 strategies) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Open with a quote (brief, relevant, & easy to link your topic). Use a startling fact/stats (to focus your audience’s attention on your topic). Begin with a question (either rhetorical or direct). Refer to a current event (to increase audience’s interest). Tell a story/anecdote about yourself to others (to gain audience’s interest and familiarity). Perform a demonstration to connect your audience nonverbally (Alert: don’t distract from it or frighten your audience). Refer to a literary material (by concisely discussing a relevant character, book, or reading a short poem). Use humor (to make your audience laugh, feel alert, relax, and/or develop positive feeling; avoid using offensive humors). Create suspense verbally or nonverbally (to increase audience’s curiosity). 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

2. State your purpose and topic Type of Speech Tips for Statement of Example Purpose Informative Use a clear, declarative “Today I am going to statement. explain three ways that you can improve your net worth while in college…” Persuasive Use a statement of action or outcome. “Today, I am going to persuade you to vote for China…” 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

3. Establish relevance to your audience • How can you make date rape a relevant issue for all your audience (both males and females)? -- Explain the frequency of date rape occurrences (e. g. , one out of four college female students in U. S. ). -- Mention that anyone is a potential victim, including the friends and families of the audience members (e. g. , mother, sister, girlfriend/boyfriend). -- Discuss the consequence of being accused of date rape (e. g. , short-term and long-term trauma). 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

4. Build your credibility/authority over your topic • I started lifting weight when I was in high school, and I have kept at it for the past eight years. • I have been interested in the history of the civil rights movements for several years, and I have read a number of books and articles about it. • The information I am going to share with you today comes mostly from my biology class and an interview with Reyna Vasquez of the local Audubon Society. *Whatever the source of your expertise, be sure to let the audience know. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

5. Transition into the body of your speech Main points Transition 1. Completing college in three years. 2. Avoiding the use of credit cards. 3. Carefully selecting summer jobs. “ Now I will tell you what a difference it can make in your net worth if you complete college in three years versus four. ” 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Examples of Questions Examples: Direct: Direct Do you know how many small businesses are started each year in China? Please show your hand if you know. Rhetorical: Rhetorical Have you ever spent a sleepless night studying for an exam? Can you remember rushing to finish a term paper because you waited too long to star writing it? Do you often feel overwhelmed by all the things you have to get done at school? At work? At home? If so, you may be the victim of poor time management. Fortunately, there are proven strategies you can follow to use your time more effectively and to keep control of your life. Avoid asking embarrassing questions, questions e. g. , “How many of you cheated on your romantic partners? ” 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Example of Suspense Example: Each of you has a gift. What kind of gift is it? It’s not a Christmas gift or a birthday gift. It’s not some special talent or skill. It’s a gift that could save a life—maybe more than one. If you decide to give it, you lose nothing. Some people bury their gift. Others burn it. All but one of you who completed my questionnaire would gladly receive the gift, but only 20 percent of you have decided to give it. This gift is the donation of your vital organs when you die. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Evaluation of a Conclusion Role of Intro Role of Conclusion • State topic • Preview main points • Build your confidence • Increase audience interest and responsiveness • Restate topic • Review main points • Encourage listener recall • Give a slow and emphatic review of main points • Make your speech memorable 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Example of Conclusion • Speech topic: topic Why the audience should vote? Step 1: Recap your major points. E. g. , closing statement: “You should vote because voting is your basic civil right. It’s your responsibility as a citizen, and it’s your one avenue for affecting public policy. ” Step 2: Motivate listener’s involvement (“what do I want my audience to take from my speech? ”) E. g. , “You might think one vote doesn’t count, but you’re wrong. Remember, in the 2000 presidential election, fewer than 1, 000 votes separated the winner from the loser. It could have been your vote. ” 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

The model • The introduction • Start the speech. Get attention and interest. • Thesis • One sentence to tell your point. • Preview • Three main points without the details. • Body • This accounts 90% of the whole speech. Problem---cause-- • solution. • Summary • Use past tense. You tell what you told them. • Conclusion • Address your introduction (go back to the beginning). 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心

Assignment 1. What is your definition of success? 2. What contributes to success (think of at least 6 factors)? 3. What are the qualities and characteristics successful people share? 4. Read chapters concerning informative speech for the next session. 全国基�外�教育研究培�中心