Motivation and Emotion Chapter 12 Chapter Pretest Motivational

Motivation and Emotion Chapter 12

Chapter Pretest • Motivational States • What determines our drives toward threat and aggression? • What determines our drives toward sexual behavior? • What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Chapter Pretest • What is Self-determination theory of Motivation? • What is Mindset? • What are emotional states? • What is emotional regulation? • Final thoughts.

Motivational States • Early theorists emphasized genetically endowed instincts when explaining behavior. You are successful because you have a gift. • Other theorists believed people or other animals are motivated due to what drives them. This might be hunger, fear, aggression, procreation, love, etc.

Threat and Aggression • Our response to threat is controlled by biological mechanisms. We have a drive to self-protect. • autonomic nervous system • The sympathetic branch activates the body by increasing the available metabolic fuel, • and accelerating the fuel’s utilization by increasing heart rate and respiration. • “fight or flight” system

Threat and Aggression • In most species, physical aggression is more prevalent in males. • What factors determine how threatened we feel? • What factors determine how aggressive or intense we may become? • Human aggression is commonly triggered by complex beliefs and symbol systems. • different from aggression in other species.

Threat and Aggression • Humans vary in how aggressive they are; variation is due to • an individual’s personality • social and cultural setting • Also hormone levels and neurotransmitters contribute to aggressiveness.

Sexual Behavior • Sexual behavior, another drive, is shaped by a mix of biological factors and cultural influences. • example: timing of sexual behavior is heavily influenced in most species by estrus cycle • but the influence of this cycle is much less for humans than for other animals

Quiz 1 1. What are drives? 2. Why do drives motivate people? 3. Please name two factors that elicit the drive of feeling threatened. 4. What is fight or flight?

Motives Beyond Drives • Drives motivate us to reduce unpleasant tension states, but other motives lead us to achieve positive goals. • We will discuss three theories that discuss our motivations beyond our drives.

Theories q. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. q. Self-determination Theory. q. Mind. Set.

Diversity of Motives • Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs • People have a set of needs. These needs are composed within a hierarchy. This hierarchy starts very basic, then works its way up. • These needs are separated into two categories: deficiency needs and growth needs. • https: //youtu. be/yn. LVsw. Brk 1 s

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Maslow’s need Hierarchy 1954 q. Deficiency needs are the first four. Each lower need must be met to move on to the higher order need. q. Growth needs are the next set of needs. When the deficiency needs are satisfied an individual can move to work on meeting their growth needs.

Self-actualization q. According to Maslow: q. Self-actualized people are people who: q. Actively look to solve their problems. q. Experience an ongoing appreciation for life. q. Are concerned with personal growth. q. Have the ability to have peak experiences.

Quiz 2 1. What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? 2. What are deficiency needs? 3. What are growth needs? 4. What four things do self-actualized people have in common?

Self-determination Theory q. This theory starts with the belief that people have a strong desire to learn, grow, and strive. These desires can be nurtured or thwarted by social and cultural context. q. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. qhttps: //youtu. be/I 9 tna. YQp. HAw

Self-determination Six Areas of Concern q. How does social context contribute, or detract from intrinsic motivation. Feelings of competence and autonomy are crucial for internal self regulation. This makes up your value system. q. What are the properties, determinants, and consequences of extrinsic motivation. Keys are how much are the extrinsic motivators internalized. When it is, you think they are your ideas.

SDT q. Autonomy, control (focus on rewards and gains), and anxiety play a part in why we do what we do. What does this say about why we do what we do (how autonomous are we). q. The spectrum with which we believe we possess autonomy, relatedness, and competence impacts our physical health and wellness.

SDT q. How much do extrinsic and intrinsic goals affect our motivation and wellness. Each type affects our level of motivation and our feelings of wellness. q. How much do our relationships, and the need for relationships, determine our autonomy and competence. The highest quality relationships support our autonomy, feelings of competence, and having a sense that we belong.

Quiz 3 1. What is meant by Self-determination theory? 2. What is intrinsic motivation? 3. What is extrinsic motivation? 4. What are the reasons we need to operate by our own autonomy rather than control from others?

Mind Set q. People have two mind sets. q. One is that they need to be perfect and there is very little grace for anything else. q. The other is they need to learn and they can take the time they need to to learn. They give themselves grace. They are just learners not failures q. These determine their perceptions of their life events. Thus determine their motives.

Mind Set qhttps: //youtu. be/Fp 4 cr 1 p 3 Nd. A q. Discussion. q. Test your mindset. qhttp: //mindsetonline. com/testyourmindset/ step 1. php

Quiz 4 1. What is theory of Mindset? 2. What is a fixed mindset? 3. What is a growth mindset? 4. When you praise someone, or just coach yourself, what part of what you did do you need to praise?

Emotions and Motivation q. An emotion is a complex psychological state that involves three distinct factors: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral and expressive response. q. They influence our motivations and drives. How so?

Emotional Regulation q. The mental and behavioral processes by which people influence their own feelings and the feelings of other people. q. How do you regulate your own states? q. How do you regulate or influences the emotional states of others?

The Purpose of Emotion • Emotions serve many purposes. • Joy can help us recover from stress and broaden our attentional focus. • Negative emotions seem to focus attention. • Emotions promote memory. • perhaps because the bodily arousal promotes memory consolidation • Emotions serve a social function.

Emotion Regulation • It is often important to regulate our emotions. • either by cognitive reappraisal or suppression • Both decrease the emotional expression, • but reappraisal seems to dampen emotion without a cognitive or physiological cost. • The ability to regulate emotions develops over course of childhood. • It is a temperamental trait.

Quiz 5 q. What is meant by the term Emotional Regulation? q. What are the reasons emotional regulation is important for us? q. What are emotional states? q. Do emotional states serve a function? How so?

Concept Quiz 1) The process of maintaining an organism’s internal equilibrium is called: a) b) c) d) potentiation. thermoregulation. autonomic control. homeostasis.

Concept Quiz 2) Jeff goes on a diet but fails to lose as much weight as he expects. One reason might be because Jeff’s metabolism has adapted to maintain his weight ____. a) b) c) d) reflex set point index threshold

Concept Quiz 3) Research suggests that positive emotions lead to greater cognitive _______, whereas negative emotions lead to greater cognitive ______. a) b) c) d) memory; flexibility focus; memory focus; flexibility; focus

Video Clips

This concludes the presentation slides for Chapter 12 For more learning resources, visit the Study. Space at http: //www. wwnorton. com/college/psychology 8/