MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Motivation and Emotion DEFINITIONS Motivation

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MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Motivation and Emotion DEFINITIONS • Motivation – internal state that activate and gives direction

Motivation and Emotion DEFINITIONS • Motivation – internal state that activate and gives direction to thoughts • Biological: internal physiological state • Internal factors and external cues • Emotion – positive or negative feelings • Biological changes (physiological arousal) and characteristic behavior

Motivation and Emotion PRIMARY MOTIVES • Biological needs • Food, water, warmth, safety, and

Motivation and Emotion PRIMARY MOTIVES • Biological needs • Food, water, warmth, safety, and sex • Homeostasis – biological thermostats regulated by homeostasis mechanisms • Hunger – regulation of food intake • Hypothalamus (lateral, ventromedial, and paraventricular)

Motivation and Emotion HUNGER • Hyperphagia – no satiety center • Normal hunger cues

Motivation and Emotion HUNGER • Hyperphagia – no satiety center • Normal hunger cues • Stomach contractions • Blood sugar levels - glucose helps regulate hunger; glucagon enters blood stream and no more hunger • Body fat levels – set point to reduce eating; increase cell metabolism

Motivation and Emotion HUNGER • Psychological factors • Maturation and learning by experience •

Motivation and Emotion HUNGER • Psychological factors • Maturation and learning by experience • Religious and cultural beliefs • Emotions • Incentives and rewards

Motivation and Emotion THIRST: REGULATION OF WATER INTAKE • Biological regulation: cues to hypothalamus

Motivation and Emotion THIRST: REGULATION OF WATER INTAKE • Biological regulation: cues to hypothalamus • Mouth dryness • Cell fluid levels chemically signal pituitary gland antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enters blood stream • Total blood volume affects kidneys • Blood vessels contract • Angiotensin released into blood • Psychological factors in thirst

Motivation and Emotion PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES • Desire for novel stimulation • Example: rat in

Motivation and Emotion PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES • Desire for novel stimulation • Example: rat in T-maze seeks novel area • Needs as related to one’s happiness and well-being • Optimal arousal theory – need to maintain optimal level of arousal in nervous system • Linked to brain’s reticular formation and sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence T-maze like those used to study stimulus motivation in rats

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence T-maze like those used to study stimulus motivation in rats

Motivation and Emotion PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES • Arousal and performance • Yerkes-Dodson Law • Affiliation

Motivation and Emotion PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES • Arousal and performance • Yerkes-Dodson Law • Affiliation motivation • All humans have need to be social • Theories on need for affiliation • Need gained through learning experiences • Affiliative behaviors positively reinforced • Need for emotional comfort in trying times

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Yerkes-Dodson Law Simple task Complex task High Efficiency of performance

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Yerkes-Dodson Law Simple task Complex task High Efficiency of performance High Low Low Level of arousal High If arousal is too low, performance will be inadequate; if it’s too high, performance may become disrupted and disorganized.

Motivation and Emotion ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION • Psychological need to succeed in school, work, and

Motivation and Emotion ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION • Psychological need to succeed in school, work, and other areas of life • Controversy on how individuals define success • Elliot and Church’s study • Mastery goals (intrinsically motivated) • Performance-approach goals (work harder to gain respect of others) • Performance-avoidance goals (worker harder to avoid being looked down on by others)

Motivation and Emotion MOTIVATION THEORIES • Opponent-process theory of acquired motives (Solomon) • Craving

Motivation and Emotion MOTIVATION THEORIES • Opponent-process theory of acquired motives (Solomon) • Craving diverse things results from • Every positive feeling is follwed by contrasting negative feeling and vice versa • Any positive or negative feeling experienced many times in succession loses its intensity (example: parachute jumping) • Sees drug addiction in same way and withdrawal symptoms

Motivation and Emotion INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION • Intrinsic – motivated by inherent nature

Motivation and Emotion INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION • Intrinsic – motivated by inherent nature of an activity (ie: make oneself feel good) • Affected by how praise is given • Extrinsic – motivation is external to the activity, not inherent (get a raise in pay) • Must be desired by the person to be a motivator

Motivation and Emotion MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES • Human needs organized; arranged from most

Motivation and Emotion MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES • Human needs organized; arranged from most basic to personal and advanced needs • Lower needs must be met first or higher needs cannot operate • Exceptions to hierarchy • Cannot explain suicide bombers and martyrs

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Maslow’s hierarchy of motives Self-esteem (accepting of self as you

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Maslow’s hierarchy of motives Self-esteem (accepting of self as you are) Safety (low risk of physical harm) Self-actualization (ethics, philosophical and artistic expression) Love and belonging (loving, being loved, social relationships) Biological (food, water, sleep, sex)

Motivation and Emotion EMOTIONS • Experiences giving color, meaning, and intensity to life •

Motivation and Emotion EMOTIONS • Experiences giving color, meaning, and intensity to life • Darwin – inherent through natural selection (adaptation to survive and desire to reproduce) • Watson and Tellegen’s map of emotions • Good way to organize – use of opposites • Based on James’ flight or fight concepts

Watson and Tellegen’s emotional map High Positive Emotion High Negative Emotion Fearful Elated Happy

Watson and Tellegen’s emotional map High Positive Emotion High Negative Emotion Fearful Elated Happy Surprised Angry Sad Relaxed Sluggish Low Negative Emotion Low Positive Emotion

Motivation and Emotion THREE THEORIES OF EMOTION • James-Lange Theory • Emotional stimulus processed

Motivation and Emotion THREE THEORIES OF EMOTION • James-Lange Theory • Emotional stimulus processed and produced reactions, brain receives and produces emotions • Cannon’s criticisms • People with severed spinal columns have emotions • Visceral organs respond too slowly to stress • Similar physiological reactions for many emotions • Artificial stimulation of visceral organs produces no emotions

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence James-Lange Theory of Emotion Cortex Thalamus Limbic system Stimulus Bodily

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence James-Lange Theory of Emotion Cortex Thalamus Limbic system Stimulus Bodily reaction Conscious emotional experiences are caused by feedback to the cerebral cortex from physiological reactions and behavior.

Motivation and Emotion CANNON-BARD THEORY • Cannon • Emotional stimulus process simultaneously in brain

Motivation and Emotion CANNON-BARD THEORY • Cannon • Emotional stimulus process simultaneously in brain and autonomic nervous system • Emotional experience and physiological arousal are two independent events

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Cortex Thalamus Limbic system Stimulus Bodily

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Cortex Thalamus Limbic system Stimulus Bodily reaction Conscious emotional experiences and physiological reactions and behavior are relatively independent events.

Motivation and Emotion COGNITIVE THEORY • Cognitive interpretation of emotional stimuli (from inside and

Motivation and Emotion COGNITIVE THEORY • Cognitive interpretation of emotional stimuli (from inside and outside the body) • Step I – interpretation of incoming stimuli • Step II – interpretation of body stimuli • Schachter and Singer’s classic study – how subjects cognitively interpret arousal under different circumstances

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Cognitive Theory of Emotion Cortex Thalamus Limbic system Stimulus Bodily

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Cognitive Theory of Emotion Cortex Thalamus Limbic system Stimulus Bodily reaction Cognitive interpretation of events in the outside world and stimuli from our own bodies is the key factor in emotions.

Motivation and Emotion THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION • Lie detectors – polygraph test •

Motivation and Emotion THE PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION • Lie detectors – polygraph test • Physiological measurements taken (sweating, blood pressure, heart and breathing rate, and muscle tension) • Based on guilty knowledge test • Good results but error rate too high to accept – banned in federal courts as evidence

Motivation and Emotion ROLE OF LEARNING AND CULTURE IN EMOTIONS • Most believe basic

Motivation and Emotion ROLE OF LEARNING AND CULTURE IN EMOTIONS • Most believe basic emotions are inborn • Children born blind and deaf show normal emotional reactions • Two ways culture affects emotions • Learning influences emotional expressions • Culture influences interpretation of different situations; reactions correspond accordingly • Cultural differences are important

Motivation and Emotion THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS • What makes a person happy? ?

Motivation and Emotion THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS • What makes a person happy? ? • Little correlation between person’s income and happiness in affluent countries • People with many friends generally happier than those without friends; married tend to be happier than singles on average • Employment is major factor in happiness • Evidence mixed on religion’s link to

Motivation and Emotion HUMAN DIVERSITY • Cultural differences in happiness • Clear differences in

Motivation and Emotion HUMAN DIVERSITY • Cultural differences in happiness • Clear differences in happiness • Stable democracies and high incomes happier than those in other circumstances • Collective societies (ie: Japan) less likely to exaggerate their level of happiness • Strong association between personality traits and happiness

Motivation and Emotion AGGRESSION • Very important topic • Animal species not as violent

Motivation and Emotion AGGRESSION • Very important topic • Animal species not as violent as humans • Humans commit intentional murders, family violence, child abuse, and other such acts • Complex phenomenon with both motivational and emotional aspects

Motivation and Emotion AGGRESSION • Freud’s instinct theory • Biological view – survival of

Motivation and Emotion AGGRESSION • Freud’s instinct theory • Biological view – survival of the fittest • Man is predator with natural instinct to survive • Instinctual aggressive energy must be released – catharsis • Society’s should encourage nonviolent catharsis of aggressive energy (ie: sports? )

Motivation and Emotion FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY • Aggression is natural reaction to frustration • Frustration

Motivation and Emotion FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY • Aggression is natural reaction to frustration • Frustration results in anger and aggression • Anything aversive increases likelihood of aggression • Unusually high summer temperatures linked to rates of serious and deadly assaults • Could global warming be linked to increased rates of serious and deadly assaults?

Motivation and Emotion SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY • Conflicts with Freud’s ideas • People learn

Motivation and Emotion SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY • Conflicts with Freud’s ideas • People learn by watching others’ behaviors and the consequences following those behaviors • Rewarding aggressive behaviors communicates success and they are likely to be imitated • Concerns about violent materials in books, on television, and violent role models • Aggressive punishment will not decrease violence but serve as a model to follow

Motivation and Emotion COGNITIVE THEORY OF AGGRESSION • Five beliefs that foster war and

Motivation and Emotion COGNITIVE THEORY OF AGGRESSION • Five beliefs that foster war and aggression • Superiority • Victims of injustice • Vulnerability • Distrust • Helplessness

Motivation and Emotion VIOLENT YOUTH GANGS • Long standing urban gang problem in U.

Motivation and Emotion VIOLENT YOUTH GANGS • Long standing urban gang problem in U. S. • Staub combines frustration-aggression and social learning theories • Problem begins at home; aggressive parent punishes and then gives up efforts on child • Freedom to spend with gangs; child finds others rejected by family • Aggressive gang redefine values and beliefs • Gang encourages and rewards aggression

Motivation and Emotion 10 THE END

Motivation and Emotion 10 THE END