PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 13 Emotion Emotion z Emotion ya

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 13 Emotion

Emotion z. Emotion ya response of the whole organism xphysiological arousal xexpressive behaviors xconscious experience

Theories of Emotion z. Does your heart pound because you are afraid. . . or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

James-Lange Theory of Emotion z Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion)

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) z. Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: yphysiological responses ysubjective experience of emotion

Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” z. To experience emotion one Fear (emotion) must: ybe physically aroused ycognitively label the arousal

Cognition and Emotion z The brain’s shortcut for emotions

Two Routes to Emotion Physiological activation Appraisal Emotional response Event Expressive behavior Subjective experience

Two Dimensions of Emotion Positive valence Low arousal pleasant relaxation joy sadness fear anger High arousal Negative valence

Emotional Arousal Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract Decreases SALIVATION Increases Perspires SKIN Dries Increases RESPIRATION Decreases Accelerates HEART Slows Inhibits DIGESTION Activates Secrete stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Decreases secretion of stress hormones

Arousal and Performance level Difficult tasks Low Easy tasks Arousal High z Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or welllearned tasks

Emotion. Lie Detectors z. Polygraph ymachine commonly used in attempts to detect lies ymeasures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion xperspiration xheart rate xblood pressure xbreathing changes

Emotion- A Polygraph Examination

Emotion- Lie Detectors z. Control Question y. Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? z. Relevant Question y. Did the deceased threaten to harm you in any way? z. Relevant > Control --> Lie

Emotion. Lie Detectors Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control Relevant question (a) Control question Relevant question (b)

Emotion. Lie Detectors z 50 Innocents z 50 Theives Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph y 1/3 of innocent declared guilty y 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

Emotion. Lie Detectors z. Is 70% accuracy good? y. Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty xtest all employees x 285 will be wrongly accused z. What about 95% accuracy? y. Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty xtest all employees (including 999 innocents) x 50 wrongly declared guilty x 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)

Expressing Emotion z. Gender and expressiveness 16 Number of expressions 14 Women Men 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Sad Happy Film Type Scary

Expressing Emotion Smiles can show different emotions: A) Mask anger B) Overly polite C) Soften criticism D) Reluctant compliance

Expressing Emotion z. Culturally universal expressions

Experiencing Emotion z The Amygdalaa neural key to fear learning

Experiencing Emotion z. Catharsis yemotional release ycatharsis hypothesis x“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges z. Feel-good, do-good phenomenon ypeople’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Experiencing Emotion z. Subjective Well-Being yself-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life yused along with measures of objective well-being xphysical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

Experiencing Emotion z. Are today’s collegians materialistic? Percentage rating goal as very important or essential 90 Being very well-off financially 80 70 60 50 40 30 Developing a meaningful life philosophy 20 10 0 1966 ‘ 68 ‘ 70 ‘ 72 ‘ 74 ‘ 76 ‘ 78 ‘ 80 ‘ 82 Year ‘ 84 ‘ 86 ‘ 88 ‘ 90 ‘ 92 ‘ 94 ‘ 96

Experiencing Emotion z. Does money buy happiness? Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars $20, 000 $19, 000 $18, 000 100% $17, 000 90% $16, 000 $15, 000 80% $14, 000 70% $13, 000 Personal income $12, 000 60% $11, 000 50% $10, 000 Percentage very happy 40% $9, 000 30% $8, 000 $7, 000 20% $6, 000 10% $5, 000 0% $4, 000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Percentage describing themselves as very happy

Experiencing Emotion z. Values and life satisfaction 0. 6 Importance scores 0. 4 Money Love 0. 2 0. 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 1. 00 2. 00 3. 00 4. 00 5. 00 Life satisfaction 6. 00 7. 00

Experiencing Emotion z. Adaptation-Level Phenomenon ytendency to form judgements relative to a “neutral” level xbrightness of lights xvolume of sound xlevel of income ydefined by our prior experience z. Relative Deprivation yperception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion Strong Neutral Strong First experience (a) After repeated experiences (b)

Happiness is. . . Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Age Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Education levels Have work and leisure that engage their skills Parenthood (having children or not) Have a meaningful religious faith Physical attractiveness Sleep well and exercise