Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion Motivational Theories and

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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

Motivational Theories and Concepts Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior Drive

Motivational Theories and Concepts Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior Drive theories – seeking homeostasis Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success

Figure 10. 2 The diversity of human motives

Figure 10. 2 The diversity of human motives

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors Brain regulation • Lateral and ventromedial

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors Brain regulation • Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus • Paraventricular nucleus • Ghrelin –neurotransmitter and hormone Glucose and digestive regulation • Glucostatic theory Hormonal regulation • Insulin and leptin

Figure 10. 3 The hypothalamus

Figure 10. 3 The hypothalamus

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors Learned preferences and habits • Exposure

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors Learned preferences and habits • Exposure • When, as well as what Food-related cues • Appearance, odor, effort required Stress • Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating

Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity Evolutionary explanations Genetic predisposition • Body Mass

Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity Evolutionary explanations Genetic predisposition • Body Mass Index and adoption study The concept of set point/settling point Dietary restraint • Mortality rates among people who are moderately overweight are not elevated in today’s population

Figure 10. 5 The heritability of weight

Figure 10. 5 The heritability of weight

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Hormonal regulation • Estrogens • Androgens • Testosterone

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Hormonal regulation • Estrogens • Androgens • Testosterone Pheromones • Synchronized menstrual cycles

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire • Aphrodisiacs • Erotic materials • Attraction to

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire • Aphrodisiacs • Erotic materials • Attraction to a partner • The Coolidge effect • Evolutionary factors

Figure 10. 6 Rape victim-offender relationships

Figure 10. 6 Rape victim-offender relationships

Figure 10. 8 Parental investment theory and mating preferences

Figure 10. 8 Parental investment theory and mating preferences

Figure 10. 9 The gender gap in how much people think about sex

Figure 10. 9 The gender gap in how much people think about sex

Figure 10. 10 The gender gap in desire for a variety of sexual partners.

Figure 10. 10 The gender gap in desire for a variety of sexual partners.

Figure 10. 11 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects

Figure 10. 11 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects

Figure 10. 12 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness

Figure 10. 12 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness

The Mystery of Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual • A continuum Theories

The Mystery of Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual • A continuum Theories explaining homosexuality • Environmental • Biological • Interactionist

Figure 10. 14 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum

Figure 10. 14 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum

Figure 10. 15 New evidence that sexual orientation exists on a continuum.

Figure 10. 15 New evidence that sexual orientation exists on a continuum.

Figure 10. 16 How common is homosexuality?

Figure 10. 16 How common is homosexuality?

Figure 10. 17 Genetics and sexual orientation

Figure 10. 17 Genetics and sexual orientation

The Human Sexual Response • Masters and Johnson – 1966 Stages: • Excitement •

The Human Sexual Response • Masters and Johnson – 1966 Stages: • Excitement • Plateau • Orgasm • Resolution

Figure 10. 6 The human sexual response cycle

Figure 10. 6 The human sexual response cycle

Figure 10. 7 The gender gap in orgasm consistency

Figure 10. 7 The gender gap in orgasm consistency

Achievement Motivation Achievement motive = need to excel • Work harder and more persistently

Achievement Motivation Achievement motive = need to excel • Work harder and more persistently • Delay gratification • Pursue competitive careers • Situational influences on achievement motives • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The Elements of Emotional Experience Cognitive component • Subjective conscious experience • Positive psychology

The Elements of Emotional Experience Cognitive component • Subjective conscious experience • Positive psychology Physiological component • Bodily (autonomic) arousal Behavioral component • Characteristic overt expressions

Figure 10. 22 The amygdala and fear

Figure 10. 22 The amygdala and fear

Culture and the Elements of Emotion Cross-cultural similarities found in cognitive and physiological elements

Culture and the Elements of Emotion Cross-cultural similarities found in cognitive and physiological elements of emotional experience Also many cultural disparities in how people perceive, think about, and express their emotions • socially engaging emotions • socially disengaging emotions

Figure 10. 23 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions

Figure 10. 23 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions

Theories of Emotion James-Lange • Feel afraid because pulse is racing Cannon-Bard • Thalamus

Theories of Emotion James-Lange • Feel afraid because pulse is racing Cannon-Bard • Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system

Theories of Emotion Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory • Look to external cues to decide what

Theories of Emotion Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory • Look to external cues to decide what to feel Evolutionary Theories • Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation

Figure 10. 24 Theories of emotion

Figure 10. 24 Theories of emotion

Figure 10. 25 Primary emotions

Figure 10. 25 Primary emotions

Happiness Common sense notions incorrect • Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated

Happiness Common sense notions incorrect • Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated • Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated • Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated

Subjective Well-Being Objective realities not as important as subjective feelings When it comes to

Subjective Well-Being Objective realities not as important as subjective feelings When it comes to happiness everything is relative People are surprisingly bad at predicting what will make them happy People often adapt to their circumstances • Hedonic adaptation

Figure 10. 28 The subjective well-being of nations

Figure 10. 28 The subjective well-being of nations

Figure 10. 30 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness

Figure 10. 30 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness