Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion Motivational Theories and
- Slides: 37
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
Motivational Theories and Concepts Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior Drive theories – seeking homeostasis Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success
Figure 10. 2 The diversity of human motives
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors Brain regulation • Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus • Paraventricular nucleus • Ghrelin –neurotransmitter and hormone Glucose and digestive regulation • Glucostatic theory Hormonal regulation • Insulin and leptin
Figure 10. 3 The hypothalamus
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors Learned preferences and habits • Exposure • When, as well as what Food-related cues • Appearance, odor, effort required Stress • Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating
Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity Evolutionary explanations Genetic predisposition • Body Mass Index and adoption study The concept of set point/settling point Dietary restraint • Mortality rates among people who are moderately overweight are not elevated in today’s population
Figure 10. 5 The heritability of weight
Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Hormonal regulation • Estrogens • Androgens • Testosterone Pheromones • Synchronized menstrual cycles
Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire • Aphrodisiacs • Erotic materials • Attraction to a partner • The Coolidge effect • Evolutionary factors
Figure 10. 6 Rape victim-offender relationships
Figure 10. 8 Parental investment theory and mating preferences
Figure 10. 9 The gender gap in how much people think about sex
Figure 10. 10 The gender gap in desire for a variety of sexual partners.
Figure 10. 11 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects
Figure 10. 12 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness
The Mystery of Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual • A continuum Theories explaining homosexuality • Environmental • Biological • Interactionist
Figure 10. 14 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum
Figure 10. 15 New evidence that sexual orientation exists on a continuum.
Figure 10. 16 How common is homosexuality?
Figure 10. 17 Genetics and sexual orientation
The Human Sexual Response • Masters and Johnson – 1966 Stages: • Excitement • Plateau • Orgasm • Resolution
Figure 10. 6 The human sexual response cycle
Figure 10. 7 The gender gap in orgasm consistency
Achievement Motivation Achievement motive = need to excel • Work harder and more persistently • Delay gratification • Pursue competitive careers • Situational influences on achievement motives • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The Elements of Emotional Experience Cognitive component • Subjective conscious experience • Positive psychology Physiological component • Bodily (autonomic) arousal Behavioral component • Characteristic overt expressions
Figure 10. 22 The amygdala and fear
Culture and the Elements of Emotion Cross-cultural similarities found in cognitive and physiological elements of emotional experience Also many cultural disparities in how people perceive, think about, and express their emotions • socially engaging emotions • socially disengaging emotions
Figure 10. 23 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions
Theories of Emotion James-Lange • Feel afraid because pulse is racing Cannon-Bard • Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system
Theories of Emotion Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory • Look to external cues to decide what to feel Evolutionary Theories • Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation
Figure 10. 24 Theories of emotion
Figure 10. 25 Primary emotions
Happiness Common sense notions incorrect • Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated • Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated • Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated
Subjective Well-Being Objective realities not as important as subjective feelings When it comes to happiness everything is relative People are surprisingly bad at predicting what will make them happy People often adapt to their circumstances • Hedonic adaptation
Figure 10. 28 The subjective well-being of nations
Figure 10. 30 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness
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