CHAPTER 10 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES AND

CHAPTER 10: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES AND CONCEPTS • Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior • Drive theories – seeking homeostasis • Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli • Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success

THE MOTIVATION OF HUNGER AND EATING: BIOLOGICAL FACTORS • Brain regulation – Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus – Ghrelin –neurotransmitter and hormone • Glucose and digestive regulation – Glucostatic theory • Hormonal regulation – Insulin and leptin

Figure 10. 3 The hypothalamus

THE MOTIVATION OF HUNGER AND EATING: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS • Learned preferences and habits – Exposure – When, as well as what • Food-related cues – Appearance, odor, effort required • Stress – Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating

Dog Mice Wine Fried Frog Legs Criadillas- bull testicles.

EATING AND WEIGHT: THE ROOTS OF OBESITY • Evolutionary explanations • Genetic predisposition – Body Mass Index and adoption study • The concept of set point/settling point • Dietary restraint – Mortality rates among people who are moderately overweight are not elevated in today’s population

Figure 10. 5 The heritability of weight

SEXUAL MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR: DETERMINING DESIRE • Hormonal regulation – Estrogens – Androgens – Testosterone • Pheromones – Synchronized menstrual cycles

SEXUAL MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR: DETERMINING DESIRE • Attraction to a partner • The Coolidge effect • Aphrodisiacs • Evolutionary factors

Figure 10. 8 Parental investment theory and mating preferences

Figure 10. 9 The gender gap in how much people think about sex

Figure 10. 10 The gender gap in desire for a variety of sexual partners.

Figure 10. 11 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects

Figure 10. 12 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness

THE MYSTERY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION • Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual – A continuum • Theories explaining homosexuality – Environmental – Biological – Interactionist

Figure 10. 14 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum

Figure 10. 15 New evidence that sexual orientation exists on a continuum.

Figure 10. 16 How common is homosexuality?

Figure 10. 17 Genetics and sexual orientation

THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE • Masters and Johnson – 1966 • Stages: – Excitement – Plateau – Orgasm – Resolution

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION • Achievement motive = need to excel – Work harder and more persistently – Delay gratification – Pursue competitive careers – Situational influences on achievement motives – Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

YERKES DODSON LAW

THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE • Cognitive component – Subjective conscious experience – Positive psychology • Physiological component – Bodily (autonomic) arousal • Behavioral component – Characteristic overt expressions

OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY OF EMOTION • Have you ever felt crappy for a few days, then felt elated? This theory says feeling one way will lead you to feel the opposite. • How is this similar to the opponent process theory of color vision?

Figure 10. 22 The amygdala and fear

CULTURE AND THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTION • Cross-cultural similarities found in cognitive and physiological elements of emotional experience • Also many cultural disparities in how people perceive, think about, and express their emotions – socially engaging emotions – socially disengaging emotions

Figure 10. 23 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions

THEORIES OF EMOTION • James-Lange – Feel afraid because pulse is racing • Cannon-Bard – Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system

THEORIES OF EMOTION • Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory – Look to external cues to decide what to feel • Evolutionary Theories – Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation

Figure 10. 24 Theories of emotion

Figure 10. 25 Primary emotions

HAPPINESS • Common sense notions incorrect – Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated – Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated – Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated

SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING • Objective realities not as important as subjective feelings • When it comes to happiness everything is relative • People are surprisingly bad at predicting what will make them happy • People often adapt to their circumstances – Hedonic adaptation

Figure 10. 28 The subjective well-being of nations

Figure 10. 30 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness