MOTIVATION AND EMOTION CHAPTER 9 MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES AND

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MOTIVATION AND EMOTION CHAPTER 9

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION CHAPTER 9

MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES AND CONCEPTS • Motives are the needs, wants, interests, & desires that

MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES AND CONCEPTS • Motives are the needs, wants, interests, & desires that propel people in certain directions. • Motivation involves goal-directed behavior

DRIVE THEORIES • Homeostasis = a state of physiological equilibrium or stability • Drive

DRIVE THEORIES • Homeostasis = a state of physiological equilibrium or stability • Drive = hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension • Source: Micro. Soft Clip. Art

DRIVE THEORY • Drive Theory = when individuals experience a drive, they’re motivated to

DRIVE THEORY • Drive Theory = when individuals experience a drive, they’re motivated to pursue actions that will lead to drive reduction. • emphasize how internal states of tension push people in certain directions. • Source Micro. Soft Clip. Art

INCENTIVE THEORIES • Incentive = an external goal that has the capacity to motivate

INCENTIVE THEORIES • Incentive = an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior • emphasize environmental factors and downplay the biological bases of human motivation.

EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES • explain motives in terms of their adaptive value. • Humans display

EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES • explain motives in terms of their adaptive value. • Humans display an enormous diversity of biological and social motives.

THE MOTIVATION OF HUNGER & EATING

THE MOTIVATION OF HUNGER & EATING

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF HUNGER • Contemporary theories of hunger focus more

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF HUNGER • Contemporary theories of hunger focus more on neural circuits than on anatomical centers in the brain.

DIGESTIVE AND HORMONAL REGULATION • The stomach can send two types of signals to

DIGESTIVE AND HORMONAL REGULATION • The stomach can send two types of signals to the brain that can inhibit eating. • Vagus nerve carries information about the stretching of the stomach walls that indicates when the stomach is full.

DIGESTIVE AND HORMONAL REGULATION • Hormonal regulation of hunger depends primarily on: • Insulin

DIGESTIVE AND HORMONAL REGULATION • Hormonal regulation of hunger depends primarily on: • Insulin = a hormone secreted by the pancreas, must be present for cells to extract glucose from the blood. • Ghrelin = causes stomach contractions & promotes hunger • CCK = CCK that delivers satiety signals to the brain, thus reducing hunger • Leptin = contributes to the long-term regulation of hunger

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF HUNGER • Organisms consume more food when •

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF HUNGER • Organisms consume more food when • it is palatable • more is available • when there is greater variety • in the presence of others • Environmental cues, such as advertisements for food, can also promote eating.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF HUNGER • Cultural traditions also shape food preferences.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF HUNGER • Cultural traditions also shape food preferences. • Learning processes, such as classical conditioning & observational learning, exert a great deal of influence over what people eat.

SEXUAL MOTIVATION & BEHAVIOR

SEXUAL MOTIVATION & BEHAVIOR

4 PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE • 1) Excitement = level of physical arousal

4 PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE • 1) Excitement = level of physical arousal usually escalates rapidly • muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, & blood pressure increase quickly. • Vasocongestion—engorgement of blood vessels— • penile erection & swollen testes in males. • swelling & hardening of the clitoris, expansion of the vaginal lips, & vaginal lubrication in females.

4 PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE • 2) Plateau = physiological arousal usually continues

4 PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE • 2) Plateau = physiological arousal usually continues to build, but at a much slower pace. • 3) Orgasm = when sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity & is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area. • 4) Resolution = physiological changes produced by sexual arousal gradually subside

EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSES OF HUMAN SEXUAL MOTIVATION • Males tend to think about & initiate

EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSES OF HUMAN SEXUAL MOTIVATION • Males tend to think about & initiate sex more than females do, • have more sexual partners • more interest in casual sex than females.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MATE PREFERENCES • Gender differences in mating preferences appear to largely

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MATE PREFERENCES • Gender differences in mating preferences appear to largely transcend cultural boundaries. • Males emphasize potential partners’ youthfulness & attractiveness • Females emphasize potential partners’ status, ambition, & financial prospects.

EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSES OF HUMAN SEXUAL MOTIVATION • Parental investment = what each sex has

EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSES OF HUMAN SEXUAL MOTIVATION • Parental investment = what each sex has to invest–in terms of time, energy, survival risk, & forgone opportunities (to pursue other goals)—to produce and nurture offspring.

THE MYSTERY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION • Kinsey viewed heterosexuality & homosexuality not as an

THE MYSTERY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION • Kinsey viewed heterosexuality & homosexuality not as an all-or-none distinction but as end points on a continuum.

THE MYSTERY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION • Data on the prevalence of homosexuality suggest that

THE MYSTERY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION • Data on the prevalence of homosexuality suggest that 5%-8% of the population may be gay. • Although most gays can trace their homosexual leanings back to early childhood, research has not supported Freudian or behavioral theories of sexual orientation.

THE MYSTERY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION • Research in the 90’s found • 52% of

THE MYSTERY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION • Research in the 90’s found • 52% of the participants’ identical twins were gay, • 22% of their fraternal twins were gay • 11% of their adoptive brothers were gay. • Given that identical twins share more genetic overlap than fraternal twins, who share more genes than unrelated adoptive siblings, these results suggest that there is a genetic predisposition to homosexuality.

 • Asexual – no sex drive • Queer – no specific sexual orientation

• Asexual – no sex drive • Queer – no specific sexual orientation or gender identity.

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE IS THE NEED TO MASTER DIFFICULT CHALLENGES, TO OUTPERFORM OTHERS, AND TO

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE IS THE NEED TO MASTER DIFFICULT CHALLENGES, TO OUTPERFORM OTHERS, AND TO MEET HIGH STANDARDS OF EXCELLENCE ACHIEVEMENT: IN SEARCH OF EXCELLENCE

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT • Achievement, 1 st investigated by Mc.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT • Achievement, 1 st investigated by Mc. Clelland, involves the need to master difficult challenges & to excel, especially in competition with others. • The need for achievement is usually measured with a projective test called the TAT • asks people to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal personal motives.

TAT VIDEO

TAT VIDEO

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT • People who are relatively high in

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT • People who are relatively high in the need for achievement work harder and more persistently than others. • They delay gratification well and pursue competitive careers. • However, in choosing challenges they often select tasks of intermediate difficulty.

SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF ACHIEVEMENT BEHAVIOR • Atkinson theorizes = the tendency to pursue achievement

SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF ACHIEVEMENT BEHAVIOR • Atkinson theorizes = the tendency to pursue achievement in a particular situation depends on: • The strength of one’s motivation to achieve success, which is viewed as a stable aspect of personality. • One’s estimate of the probability of success for the task at hand; such estimates vary from task to task. • The incentive value of success, which depends on the tangible & intangible rewards for success on the specific task.

SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF ACHIEVEMENT BEHAVIOR • The pursuit of achievement tends to increase when

SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF ACHIEVEMENT BEHAVIOR • The pursuit of achievement tends to increase when the probability & incentive value of success are high. • The joint influence of these factors may explain why people high in achievement need tend to prefer challenges of intermediate difficulty.

THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE

THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE

THE COGNITIVE COMPONENT • The cognitive component of emotion involves subjective feelings that have

THE COGNITIVE COMPONENT • The cognitive component of emotion involves subjective feelings that have an evaluative aspect. • Emotions can be automatic & intense, and they are not easy to control.

THE COGNITIVE COMPONENT • People’s cognitive appraisals of events in their lives determine the

THE COGNITIVE COMPONENT • People’s cognitive appraisals of events in their lives determine the emotions they experience. • Research on affective forecasting shows that people are surprisingly bad at predicting the intensity and duration of their emotional reactions to events.

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENT • The most readily apparent aspect of the physiological component of

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENT • The most readily apparent aspect of the physiological component of emotion is autonomic arousal. • emotions are accompanied by physical arousal • This arousal is the basis for the lie detector, which is really an emotion detector.

EMOTION & AUTONOMIC AROUSAL

EMOTION & AUTONOMIC AROUSAL

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENT • Polygraphs are not all that accurate in assessing individuals’ veracity.

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENT • Polygraphs are not all that accurate in assessing individuals’ veracity. • The amygdala appears to be the hub of an emotionprocessing system in the brain that modulates conditioned fears.

THE BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT • At the behavioral level, emotions are expressed through body language,

THE BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT • At the behavioral level, emotions are expressed through body language, with facial expressions being particularly prominent. • People can identify six fundamental emotions from facial expressions. • Ekman and Friesen have found considerable crosscultural agreement in the identification of emotions based on facial expressions.

THE BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT • Advocates of the facial-feedback hypothesis maintain that facial muscles send

THE BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT • Advocates of the facial-feedback hypothesis maintain that facial muscles send signals that help the brain recognize the emotion one is experiencing. • The facial expressions that go with various emotions may be largely innate

CULTURE & THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTION • Cross-cultural similarities have been found in the

CULTURE & THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTION • Cross-cultural similarities have been found in the facial expressions associated with • specific emotions • cognitive appraisals that provoke emotions

CULTURE & THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTION • Some basic categories of emotion that are

CULTURE & THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTION • Some basic categories of emotion that are universally understood in Western cultures appear to go unrecognized in some non-Western cultures. • Display rules, which are norms that govern how much people show their emotions, vary across cultures.

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

THEORIES OF EMOTION

THEORIES OF EMOTION

JAMES-LANGE THEORY • Common sense suggests that emotions cause autonomic arousal, but the James-Lange

JAMES-LANGE THEORY • Common sense suggests that emotions cause autonomic arousal, but the James-Lange theory asserted that emotion results from one’s perception of autonomic arousal. • different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions. • Source: Microsoft Clip. Art

CANNON-BARD THEORY • Cannon-Bard theory = people do not infer their emotions from patterns

CANNON-BARD THEORY • Cannon-Bard theory = people do not infer their emotions from patterns of autonomic activation and that emotions originate in subcortical areas of the brain.

SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY • Schachter’s two-factor theory = people infer emotion from arousal &

SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY • Schachter’s two-factor theory = people infer emotion from arousal & then label emotion in accordance with cognitive explanation for arousal.

EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES OF EMOTION • Evolutionary theories of emotion maintain that emotions are innate

EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES OF EMOTION • Evolutionary theories of emotion maintain that emotions are innate reactions that require little cognitive interpretation. • Evolutionary theorists seek to identify a small number of innate, fundamental emotions.

THEORIES OF EMOTION.

THEORIES OF EMOTION.

EXPLORING THE INGREDIENTS OF HAPPINESS • Factors that do not Predict Happiness • •

EXPLORING THE INGREDIENTS OF HAPPINESS • Factors that do not Predict Happiness • • Money Age Parenthood Intelligence and Attractiveness • Moderately Good Predictors of Happiness • Health • Social Activity

EXPLORING THE INGREDIENTS OF HAPPINESS • Strong Predictors of Happiness • Love and Marriage.

EXPLORING THE INGREDIENTS OF HAPPINESS • Strong Predictors of Happiness • Love and Marriage. • Work • Genetics and Personality

THE ANATOMY OF AN ARGUMENT • argument = one or more premises that are

THE ANATOMY OF AN ARGUMENT • argument = one or more premises that are used to provide support for a conclusion. • Premises = reasons that are presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true. • Assumptions = premises for which no proof or evidence is offered

COMMON FALLACIES • Irrelevant Reasons = Reasons cannot provide support for an argument unless

COMMON FALLACIES • Irrelevant Reasons = Reasons cannot provide support for an argument unless they are relevant to the conclusion. • Circular Reasoning = premise & conclusion are simply restatements of each other • Slippery Slope = asserts that if you allow X to happen, things will spin out of control & far worse events will follow

COMMON FALLACIES • Weak Analogies = some analogies are weak or inappropriate because the

COMMON FALLACIES • Weak Analogies = some analogies are weak or inappropriate because the similarity between A and B is superficial, minimal, or irrelevant to the issue at hand. • False Dichotomy = creates an either-or choice between two outcomes: the outcome advocated & some obviously horrible outcome that any sensible person would want to avoid.