THEORIES OF MOTIVATION UNIT VIII MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION UNIT VIII MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Human Drives Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation We are here Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Motivation Motivatio n& Emotion Stress Effects Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cannon. Bard Measure s Sources Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex) Theories Opponent Process Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Coping

WHAT IS MOTIVATION? • ____- is a need or want that causes us to act. • ____- directs and maintains goal-directed behavior. • _______- explain the relationship between physiological changes and emotional experiences.

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION 1. Instinct Theory 2. Drive- Reduction Theory 3. Incentive Theory 4. Arousal Theory 5. Hierarchy of Motives

INSTINCT THEORY • ______- physical and ____ instincts such as curiosity and fearlessness cause us to act. • _____- are inherited automatic species-specific behaviors. • Ex: Birds and butterflies flying South for the winter; salmon swimming upstream to mate • ______ with theory: • Are there any human behaviors that can be considered true instincts? • How much of human behavior is instinctive?

DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY • When the ______ of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. • ________- a physical need creates an aroused _____ state (a drive) that motivates an organism to _____ the need (Hull, 1951)

DRIVE REDUCTION The ______ aim of drive reduction is ________. Homeostasis- the maintenance of a steady internal state-_____. The regulation of any aspect of ________ around a particular level. Drive Reduction Food Empty Stomach Full (Food Deprived) Organism 7

DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY • Strengths • Does a nice job explaining most _____ drives • Falls apart with more complex behaviors/_____ drives • ____ and Secondary Drives

INCENTIVE THEORY • ______- beyond the ____ motives of food, drink, and sex that push us toward a goal, ____ motives or external stimuli such as _______, approval, and grades regulate and pull us towards a ____. • _____- a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

OPTIMUM AROUSAL • Humans seek _____ levels of arousal. • Sometimes we want _______ of arousal • Sometimes we want very ______ arousal • Some of us tend to want _______ and some of us tend to want ____.

AROUSAL THEORY • People do things in order to seek out an ____ level of arousal for a given moment, • I want a _______ level of arousal- let’s do something epic tonight. • I want a ______ level of arousal- let’s stay in tonight. • I am _______ with my life, I need a new job. • I am stressed at work, let’s take a ____.

YERKES-DODSON LAW • States that there is an _______ level of arousal for best performance on any task. • The more ______ the task, the ____ the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance.

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS • Abraham ______ (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. • ______ needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before ______ needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. (1908 -1970)

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS