Mata kuliah Tahun Akademik CSS 113 Konsep Sistem

Mata kuliah Tahun Akademik : CSS 113 , Konsep Sistem Informasi : 2012/2013 Komputer H/W, S/W, Network & Telekomunikasi Peremuna - 3 Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : Menerangkan teknologi komputer dalam pendukung konsep work sistem 3 -1

Outline Materi • Overview sistem komputer • Overview S/W, programming • Overview Telekomunikasi COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946 -1959 3 -2

COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946 -1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957 -1963 3 -3

COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946 -1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957 -1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964 -1979 4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS: 1980 - PRESENT * 3 -4

SUPERCOMPUTER TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND • • • HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE * 3 -5

MAINFRAME MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second • LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER • 5 O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM • COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS • MASSIVE DATA • COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS * 3 -6

MINICOMPUTER • • MIDDLE-RANGE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME * 3 -7

MICROCOMPUTER • • • DESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED * 3 -8

LAPTOPS & SMALLER • LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase type package, very portable, can be inexpensive, can connect to other computers or networks • HAND-HELD (OR PALMTOP): Sub-miniature, wireless computer. Growing in sophistication and connectivity * 3 -9

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS • • UNDERLYING STRUCTURE INPUT/OUTPUT BITS & CODING SCHEMES ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT * 3 -10

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT CONTROL UNIT ROM CLOCK RAM PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY 3 -11

BUSES PRIMARY CPU STORAGE DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS INPUT OUTPUT SECONDARY DEVICES STORAGE 3 -12

TYPES OF MEMORY • RAM : Random Access Memory – Dynamic: Changes thru processing – Static: Remains constant (power on) • ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) – PROM: Program can be changed once – EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light – EEPROM: Electrically erasable * 3 -13

INPUT/OUTPUT • • • TERMINAL POINT-OF-SALES TERMINALS AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINES PUNCHED CARDS MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): Used by banks to process checks * 3 -14

INPUT/OUTPUT • OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION: Scanned material translated into computer characters • IMAGING: Forms, documents, photos digitized for computer use • BAR CODE LABEL: Product label information read into computer. Can be used to track inventory * 3 -15

INPUT/OUTPUT • COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM (COM): Computer rapidly generates microfilm documents for archive copies in small space • VOICE RESPONSE UNITS: Computer recognizes, generates verbal messages • MULTIMEDIA: Combines text, graphics, sound still images, animations, video * 3 -16

HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED IN COMPUTER MEMORY • BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not • BYTE: Group of bits for one character – EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte) – ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) • PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors * 3 -17

EXAMPLES OF BYTES EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system) C: 1100 0011 0 A: 1100 0001 1 T: 1110 0011 1 100 0001 0 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number * 3 -18

ALU & CONTROL UNIT • ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations • CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system * 3 -19

COMPUTER FILES • RECORD: Data about a transaction arranged in a set of FIELDS, each holding a datum • FILE: A group of similar records, such as accounts receivable or payroll • DATABASE: The files of an organization, an electronic library * 3 -20

COMPUTER FILES • SEQUENTIAL ACCESS: A sequence of files arranged in order, say alphabetically. Usually stored on magnetic tape or cartridge • DIRECT ACCESS: Records stored on a DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE (DASD). Can move directly to any record * 3 -21

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE • HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems • RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks • FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC * 3 -22

Disks • Components of a Disk 3 -23

DISK PACK STORAGE • LARGE SYSTEMS • RELIABLE STORAGE • LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA • QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE • TYPICAL: 11 2 -SIDED DISKS • CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES READ/WRITE HEADS DISK 1 DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5 CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK) 3 -24

THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT • COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM • PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the computer what to do • INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in a program • MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction understood by particular model of computer * 3 -25

THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT • COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM • PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the computer what to do • INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in a program • MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction understood by particular model of computer * 3 -26

DATA CHANNEL • SPECIALIZED INPUT/OUTPUT PROCESSOR (A COMPUTER): Takes over function of device communication from the CPU • CORRECTS FOR SPEED MISMATCH BETWEEN SLOW PERIPHERAL DEVICES AND VERY FAST CPU * 3 -27

SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSOR • PROCESSORS (CPUs) ARE IDENTICAL, WITH EACH PROCESSOR OPERATING INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHERS • USED IN MOST MAINFRAMES AND SOME MIDRANGE MACHINES * 3 -28

PARALLEL PROCESSOR (PP) • MULTIPLE CPUs INSTALLED AS PART OF A SINGLE COMPUTER SYSTEM: Gives separate piece of program to each of the processors so that work on the program can proceed in parallel on the separate pieces * 3 -29

MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSOR (MPP) PARALLEL PROCESSING COMPUTER WITH MANY PARALLEL PROCESSORS: • 32 OR MORE: Different CPUs capable of performing different instructions at the same time • 1000 OR MORE: CPUs must all carry out the same instruction at the same time * 3 -30

THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT • COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM • PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the computer what to do • INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in a program • MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction understood by particular model of computer * 3 -31

SOFTWARE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE • FIRST GENERATION: Machine language - binary language designed for particular computer • SECOND GENERATION: Assembly language substituted mnemonic operation codes and addresses, translated to machine language by assembler * 3 -32

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE • THIRD GENERATION: Procedural language FORTRAN, COBOL, C - translated to machine language by compiler or interpreter. Example: COBOL • FOURTH GENERATION: Nonprocedural language. Tell what to do, not how to do it, order not important. Translate to machine language by compiler or interpreter. Example: FOCUS * 3 -33

KEY TYPES OF SOFTWARE • APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Programs written to accomplish particular tasks for computer users • SUPPORT SOFTWARE: Programs that support application software in producing needed output. Does not directly produce output needed by users * APPLICATION SOFTWARE • • WORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETS DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PRESENTATION GRAPHICS 3 -34

APPLICATION SOFTWARE • • WORLD WIDE WEB BROWSERS ELECTRONIC MAIL, GROUPWARE DESKTOP PUBLISHING APPLICATION SUITES * 3 -35

SUPPORT SOFTWARE • OPERATING SYSTEMS: Helps maximize work done, eases workload of users • JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE: Allows users to communicate with operating systems • MULTIPROGRAMMING: Large computers can run multiple programs simultaneously. Timedriven approach is time-sharing * 3 -36

SUPPORT SOFTWARE • MULTITASKING: Allows small computers to work on several programs interactively • VIRTUAL MEMORY: Allows computer to run portions of a large program as required, saving use of main memory • MULTIPROCESSING: Multiple CPUs divide workload, increases efficiency * 3 -37

SOURCES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS • PROPRIETARY: Written for particular computer class or system. Examples: Windows 98, Windows 2000 • OPEN SYSTEM: Not tied to specific platform. Examples: UNIX, Linux • NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): Manages network resources, local area networks * 3 -38

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) • MOUSE: A standard pointing device • ICON: Graphic or label on screen associated with task or operation • 32 -BIT OPERATING SYSTEM: Operating system handles 32 bits at a time • CLICKING MOUSE ON ICON INITIATES TASK * 3 -39

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP) • COMPUTER PROGRAMMING BASED ON CREATING, USING SET OF OBJECTS: Object combines data and methods (or chunks of programs) • EXAMPLES: C++, Smalltalk, Java * 3 -40

OTHER LANGUAGES • NATURAL LANGUAGES: User types in or speaks English, computer evolves program • HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML): Code used to develop World Wide Web (WWW) pages and sites • e. Xtensible Markup Language (XML): Used for data exchange on WWW * 3 -41

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) • SUPPORT SOFTWARE USED TO CREATE, MANAGE, AND PROTECT ORGANIZATIONAL DATA • DBMS: Software that manages a database, works with operating system to store and modify data and to make data accessible in authorized ways * 3 -42

TYPES OF DBMSs • HIERARCHICAL: Data arranged in a top-down, organization chart fashion • NETWORK: Data arranged like cities on a highway systems, often with multiple paths between pieces of data • RELATIONAL: Data arranged into simple tables, and records are related by storing common data in each of the associated tables * 3 -43

FILING METHODS • INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD (ISAM) : –EACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEY –GROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS –KEYS IN INDEX • VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD (VSAM) : –MEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALS –DYNAMIC FILE SPACE VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES • DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD * 3 -44

COMPONENTS OF DBMS: • DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE: Defines data elements in database • DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: Manipulates data for applications • DATA DICTIONARY/DIRECTORY: Formal definitions of all variables in database, controls variety of database contents * 3 -45

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL) EMERGING STANDARD DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES * 3 -46

ADVANTAGES OF RELATIONAL DBMS • NEW DATA ELEMENTS CAN EASILY BE ADDED AS NEW NEEDS ARISE • NEW RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE CREATED AS NEW QUERY/REPORTING NEEDS CHANGE • FEWER DATA CONSISTENCY PROBLEMS DUE TO LESS REDUNDANT DATA STORAGE • MORE “USER FRIENDLY” TOOLS * 3 -47

COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE) • HELPS AUTOMATE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: Used by computer professionals to help automate software development • MAY INCLUDE: – upper-CASE (requirements definition and design) – lower-CASE (code generation) – I-CASE or integrated-CASE * 3 -48

CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE • MORE HARDWIRING OF SOFTWARE AND MORE MICROCODE • MORE COMPLEXITY OF HARDWARE/SOFTWARE ARRANGEMENTS • LESS CONCERN WITH MACHINE EFFICIENCY * 3 -49

CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE • MORE PURCHASED APPLICATIONS AND MORE PORTABILITY OF THESE APPLICATIONS FROM ONE COMPUTER PLATFORM TO ANOTHER • MORE PROGRAMMING USING OBJECT-ORIENTED AND VISUAL LANGUAGES, IN LARGE PART BECAUSE OF EMPHASIS ON GUIs * 3 -50

CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE • MORE EMPHASIS ON APPLICATIONS THAT RUN ON INTRANETS AND THE INTERNET • MORE USER DEVELOPMENT • MORE USE OF PERSONAL PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE ON MICROCOMPUTERS, ESPECIALLY PACKAGES WITH A GUI * 3 -51

TELECOMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKING • TELECOMMUNICATIONS: Communications (both voice and data) at a distance • NETWORKING: Electronic linking of geographically dispersed devices * 3 -52

THE NEED FOR NETWORKING • SHARING OF TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES • SHARING OF DATA • DISTRIBUTED DATA PROCESSING AND CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS • ENHANCED COMMUNICATIONS, INCLUDING ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) AND ACCESS TO THE INTERNET * 3 -53

KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKING • ANALOG SIGNALS: Continuous waveform, passes thru system. Example: voice communications • DIGITAL SIGNALS: Discrete waveform two discrete states (1 -bit & 0 -bit, on / off pulse). Data communication. Uses modem to translate analog to digital, digital to analog * 3 -54

MODEM • ABBREVIATION FOR MODULATOR/ DEMODULATOR • DEVICE THAT CONVERTS DATA FROM DIGITAL FORM TO ANALOG FORM TO BE SENT OVER ANALOG TELEPHONE NETWORK (RECONVERTS DATA AFTER IT HAS BEEN TRANSMITTED) * 3 -55

SPEED OF TRANSMISSION • BANDWIDTH: Difference between highest and lowest frequencies (cycles per second) that can be transmitted on a particular medium; a capacity measure • HERTZ: Cycles per second • BAUD: Signals sent per second • BITS PER SECOND (bps): Common measure * 3 -56

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES • • • PRIVATE, OR DEDICATED, LINES SWITCHED LINES SIMPLEX TRANSMISSION HALF-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION FULL-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION * 3 -57

TRANSMISSION MEDIA • TWISTED PAIR • COAXIAL CABLE: Baseband broadband • WIRELESS: Cordless phone, cellular phone, wireless LAN, infrared devices • SATELLITE: Microwave, line of sight • FIBER OPTICS * 3 -58

ORBITING SATELLITES MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION UPLINK DOWNLINK 3 -59

NEW SATELLITES • OVER A DOZEN NEW PROJECTS PROPOSED • LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO) SATELLITES: Only 400 to 1000 miles above the earth, compared to geosynchronous satellites at 22, 000 miles above the equator. 1, 700 satellites to be launched by 2006 * mobile telephony, • IRIDIUM: 66 satellites offered paging, and data communications. Bankrupt by 1999. • TELEDESCIC: Will include 288 LEO to provide lowcost, high-speed Internet access, networking, teleconferencing * 3 -60

TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSMISSION SPEEDS • • • Twisted pair - voice telephone Twisted pair - conditioned Twisted pair - LAN Coaxial cable - baseband Coaxial cable - broadband Radio frequency wireless LAN Infrared light wireless LAN Microwave / Satellite Fiber optic cable 14. 4 kbps -56 kbps - 144 kbps 4 mbps - 100 mbps 10 mbps - 2 gbps 10 mbps - 550 mbps 1 mbps - 11 mbps 4 mbps - 16 mbps 64 kbps - 100 mbps - 100 gbps * 3 -61

TOPOLOGY OF NETWORKS • • • BUS TOPOLOGY RING TOPOLOGY STAR TOPOLOGY TREE, OR HIERARCHICAL, TOPOLOGY MESH TOPOLOGY MORE COMPLEX TOPOLOGIES * 3 -62

NETWORK TYPES • • • COMPUTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX) NETWORK LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) BACKBONE NETWORK * WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) INTERNET * 3 -63

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS • CONTENTION BUS NETWORK: Uses CSMA/CD protocol. Example: Ethernet • TOKEN BUS NETWORK: Central to Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) • TOKEN RING NETWORK: Used in LAN; unidirectional data flow * 3 -64

NEW LAN TECHNOLOGY • FAST ETHERNET: Ethernet operating at speeds up to 100 mbps • FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI): Token ring architecture delivered on a dual ring at speeds up to 100 mbps * 3 -65

BACKBONE NETWORKS • MIDDLE DISTANCE NETWORKS: Interconnect LANs in a single organization with each other and with the organization’s WAN and Internet • EMPLOY HIGH-END LAN TECHNOLOGY, OFTEN OPERATING AT 100 MBPS OR MORE * 3 -66

BACKBONE NETWORK TERMINOLOGY • HUB: Simple device connecting one section of a LAN to another • BRIDGE: Connects two LAN segments when the LANs use the same protocols • ROUTER, OR GATEWAY: Connects two or more LANs together. Networks may use different protocols • SWITCH: Connects more than two LANs that use the same protocol into a backbone network * 3 -67

WIDE AREA NETWORKS • • • DIRECT DISTANCE DIALING (DDD) WIDE AREA TELEPHONE SERVICE (WATS) LEASED LINE: Most common, T-1 lines SATELLITE: C-Band, KU-Band VALUE ADDED NETWORK (VAN) INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) * 3 -68

VALUE ADDED NETWORK (VAN) • DATA-ONLY, PRIVATE, NONREGULATED TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK: Uses packet switching • AN ORGANIZATION MAY CHOOSE TO BUY SERVICES OF A VAN TO IMPLEMENT ITS WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) * 3 -69

PACKET SWITCHING • INFORMATION DIVIDED INTO PACKETS OF SOME FIXED LENGTH, SENT OVER NETWORK SEPARATELY • PERMITS MORE EFFICIENT USE OF THE NETWORK * 3 -70

INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) • • EMERGING SET OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS USING PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORK EXTENSIVE NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITIES SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION OF VOICE AND DATA OVER SAME LINE TO TELEPHONE USERS WORLDWIDE * 3 -71

USES OF ISDN • CUSTOMER SERVICE APPLICATION: Customer’s records automatically sent to service representative’s workstation when customer calls in • SOLVES DIAL-IN PROBLEMS INTO CORPORATE NETWORK FOR TELECOMMUTERS, BRANCH OFFICES * 3 -72

NEW WAN AND LAN TECHNOLOGY ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM): Switching technology employing fast packet switching. Emerging standard for broadband ISDN. Speeds from 1. 544 mbps to 622 mbps. Represents the future for both LANs and WANs * 3 -73

PROTOCOL RULES & PROCEDURES TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION BETWEEN COMPONENTS IN A NETWORK * 3 -74

NETWORK PROTOCOLS • OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI): Reference model, emerging standard • TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP): Standard used on the Internet • SYSTEMS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (SNA): IBM standard • FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP): Allows file transfer on Internet * 3 -75

INTERNET • NETWORK OF NETWORKS THAT USE THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL, WITH GATEWAYS (CONNECTIONS) TO OTHER NETWORKS THAT DO NOT USE TCP/IP • INTERNET APPLICATIONS: e-mail, Usenet newsgroups, listserv, FTP, Gopher, Archie, Veronica, World Wide Web * 3 -76

CONNECTIONS TO INTERNET • • • PHONE LINE MODEM CABLE MODEM DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) T-1 DATA PHONE LINE SATELLITE FIBER OPTICS * 3 -77

INTRANET • A NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION EMPLOYING TCP/IP PROTOCOL • ORGANIZATION USES SAME WEB BROWSER, CRAWLER, SERVER SOFTWARE AS IT WOULD ON THE INTERNET, BUT INTRANET IS NOT ACCESSIBLE FROM OUTSIDE THE ORGANIZATION * 3 -78

CONNECTIVITY MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION OPEN SYSTEMS: Software able to function on different computer platforms. Nonproprietary operating systems, applications, protocols * 3 -79

Closing • Overview sistem komputer • Overview S/W, programming • Overview Telekomunikasi Diskusikan dan jawablah bersama kelompoknya • Perkirakanlah trend perkembangan teknologi komputer dan telekomunikasi dimasa yang akan datang! ===== thanks 4 your attention ===== 3 -80