Kingdom Protista Protists are unicellular organisms that have

Kingdom: Protista Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

Similar to Bacteria n Unicellular n One of the first groups of living things on Earth. (1. 5 billion years ago. ) n Microscopic n Can cause disease. n Can be parasites n Most reproduce asexually with binary fission

Difference from Bacteria n Has a nucleus. n Live in watery environment. n Generally n Protists live as individual cells. vary greatly in appearance and function.

3 Categories n I. Animal-like Protists. n II. Plant-like Protists. n III. Fungus-like Protists.

I. Animal-like Protists n Protozoan means “First Animal”. n Cells contain a nucleus. n Cells lack a cell wall. n They are heterotrophs. n Most can move on their own.

4 Groups of Animal-like Protists n 1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz) n 2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts) n 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts) n 4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOHuhnz)

1. Sarcodines n Have pseudopods (Greek: “false foot”) n Extensions cytoplasm. of the cell membrane and n Pseudopods capture food. n Many are used for movement and to have shells. n These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.

One type: n Most familiar Sarcodine. n Pseudopods: n Blob shaped. n Contractile Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside n Food Vacuole: where food is digested.

Splitting n Amoebas reproduce by dividing into two new cells (binary fission). n Amoebas can respond to their environment. n They are sensitive to light and some chemicals.

2. Ciliates n Have cilia on the outside of their cells. n Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers.

Type: Paramecium n Pellicle: n Oral groove: like the mouth n Gullet: n Food n Anal tough outer wall. holds food. Vacuole: digests food. Pore: removes wastes n 2 Contractile Vacuoles n 2 Nuclei n Reproduces by either binary fission or conjugation.

3. Flagellates (Zooflagellates) n Have a Flagellum: a long whip-like structure used for movement. n Many live in other animals

4. Sporozoans n All Sporozans are parasites. n They feed on cells and body fluids. n Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells). n Pass from one host to another. from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans.

II. Plant-like Protists (Algae) n Unicellular n Colonies n Can and Multicellular (groups of unicellular protists) move on their own n Autotrophs: make their own food from simple materials using light energy (photosynthesis). n 70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-like Protists! n Pigments: chemicals that produce color

6 Groups of Plant like Protists n Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz) n Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz) n Dinoflagellates layts) n Red Algae n Green Algae n Brown Algae (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh-

1. Euglenoids n Green n Unicellular n Live in fresh water n Autotrophs, but can be heterotrophs under certain conditions. n Flagella n Eyespot: sensitive to light. n Chloroplasts n Pellicle

2. Diatoms n Unicellular n 10, 000 living species. n Aquatic n Glass like cell wall n Diatomaceous earth: course powder that comes from dead diatoms (toothpaste, car polish & reflective paint.

3. Dinoflagellates n Unicellular n Cell walls are like plates of armor. n Two flagella n Spins when it moves. n Colorful (pigments) n Can glow in the dark. n Causes Red Tide (sometimes bioluminescent)

Red Algae n Multicellular seaweeds n Live in deep ocean waters n Used for ice cream and hair conditioner n Used as food in Asia

Green Algae n Most are unicellular n Some n Few form colonies are multicellular n Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places. n Very closely related to green plants.

Brown Algae n Commonly called seaweed n Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments. n Attach to rocks n Have air bladders n Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long! n Used as food thickeners

III. Fungus-like Protists n Heterotrophs n Have cell walls. n Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives. n Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds n Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)

Water & Downy Molds n Live in water or moist places. n Tiny threads that look like fuzz. n Attack food crops n Caused the Irish Potato Famine.

Type: n Reproduce by Fruiting Bodies: n The Fruiting Bodies contain Spores. n At first they look like ameba, then later they look like mold. n Live on moist shady places. n Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.