KINGDOM PROTISTA Mostly unicellular some multicellular eukaryotic either

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KINGDOM PROTISTA • Mostly unicellular (some multicellular), eukaryotic, either autotrophic or heterotrophic microscopic organisms.

KINGDOM PROTISTA • Mostly unicellular (some multicellular), eukaryotic, either autotrophic or heterotrophic microscopic organisms. • Approximately 65, 000 species • Can live freely (zooplankton or phytoplankton) or as parasites in mostly aquatic habitats • Can reproduce both ways – asexually - binary fission or multiple fission – sexually - conjugation 1

What is a protist? • Although there are no typical protists, some resemble animals

What is a protist? • Although there are no typical protists, some resemble animals in the way they get food. • The animal-like protists are called protozoa (singular, protozoan). • Unlike animals, though, all protozoans are unicellular. Protozoa 2

What is a protist? • Other protists are plantlike autotrophs, using photosynthesis to make

What is a protist? • Other protists are plantlike autotrophs, using photosynthesis to make their food. • Plantlike protists are called algae (singular, alga). Algae • Unlike plants, algae do not have organs such as roots, stems, and leaves. 3

What is a protist? • Still other protists are more like fungi because they

What is a protist? • Still other protists are more like fungi because they decompose dead organisms. Slime mold • However, unlike fungi, fungus-like protists are able to move at some point in their life and do not have chitin in their cell walls. 4

What is a protist? • Some protists cause diseases, such as malaria and sleeping

What is a protist? • Some protists cause diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness, that result in millions of human deaths throughout the world every year. • Unicellular algae produce much of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere and are the basis of aquatic food chains. • Slime molds and water molds decompose a significant amount of organic material, making the nutrients available to living organisms. • Although a diverse group, all protozoans are unicellular heterotrophs that feed on other organisms or dead organic matter. 5

Diversity of Protozoans • Many protozoans are grouped according to the way they move.

Diversity of Protozoans • Many protozoans are grouped according to the way they move. • Some protozoans use cilia or flagella to move. Others move and feed by sending out cytoplasm-containing extensions of their plasma membrane. • These extensions are called pseudopodia Three main groups of Protists: Animal-like, Plant-like, and Fungus-like 6

Animal-like Protists • Phylum Sarcodina – – – Pseudopods Most common-Amoeba moves w/false feet

Animal-like Protists • Phylum Sarcodina – – – Pseudopods Most common-Amoeba moves w/false feet live on other protists Entameba histolytica causes amebic dysentery – Two other types • foraminifera - Ca. CO 3 • radiolarians - Si. O 2 www. calstatela. edu 7

Amoeboids • Amoebas have no cell wall and form pseudopodia to move and feed.

Amoeboids • Amoebas have no cell wall and form pseudopodia to move and feed. Amoebas form pseudopodia around their food. • Because they live in water they have to use their contractile vacuole to pump water in or out • Most amoebas commonly reproduce by asexual reproduction, in which a single parent produces one or more identical offspring by dividing into two cells. 8

 • Foraminiferans, which are abundant on the sea floor, have hard shells made

• Foraminiferans, which are abundant on the sea floor, have hard shells made of calcium carbonate (Ca. CO 3 ). Foraminiferan Radiolarian • Radiolarians have shells made of silica (Si. O 2) • In addition, radiolarians are an important part of marine plankton—an assortment of microscopic organisms that float in the ocean’s photic zone and form the base of 9 marine food chains.

Animal-like Protists • Phylum Cilophora – – Ciliates About 8, 000 species move w/cilia

Animal-like Protists • Phylum Cilophora – – Ciliates About 8, 000 species move w/cilia Genus Paramecium most common – uses trichocysts for defense – Multinucleated Anal pore Cilia Gullet Oral groove Contractile vacuole Micronucleus and macronucleus Food Vacuole 10

Parts of the Paramecium • Pellicle-outer cover of cell • Trichocysts-harpoon like structure used

Parts of the Paramecium • Pellicle-outer cover of cell • Trichocysts-harpoon like structure used for defense • Macronucleus-Metabolic rate / development • Micronucleus-genetic information • Gullet-mouth opens into it • Food Vacuole-Storage • Anal pore-release of waste • Contractile Vacuole-pumps out excess water 11

Animal-like Protists • Phylum Zoomastigina – zooflagellates – move w/flagella – transported by blood

Animal-like Protists • Phylum Zoomastigina – zooflagellates – move w/flagella – transported by blood sucking insects. – Genus Trypansoma • African Sleeping Sickness. African trypansomiasis transmitted by the tsetse fly. • Increasing fever, lethargy, mental deterioration, coma • Only found in Africa - Chagas Disease – Trypansoma cruzi transmitted by the kissing bug. Causes fever and heart damage. - Leshmanaiasis – Leishemania donovani transmitted by sand flies. Causes blood disease, disfiguring skin sores & can be fatal. - Giardiasis – Giardia lamblia transmitted by infected animals into water. Causes 12 severe diarrhea & intestinal

Photos Tsetse fly Sand Fly Kissing Bug Giardia lamblia 13

Photos Tsetse fly Sand Fly Kissing Bug Giardia lamblia 13

Animal-like Protists • Phylum Sporazoa – sporazoans – parasites – Genus Plasmodium • toxoplasmosis

Animal-like Protists • Phylum Sporazoa – sporazoans – parasites – Genus Plasmodium • toxoplasmosis – feces of rodents, birds, & cats • Malaria – Anopheles female mosquito – treated w/quinine www. hei. org 14

Sporozoans 15

Sporozoans 15

What are algae? • Photosynthesizing protists are called algae. • All algae contain up

What are algae? • Photosynthesizing protists are called algae. • All algae contain up to four kinds of chlorophyll as well as other photosynthetic pigments. • These pigments produce a variety of colors in algae, including purple, rusty-red, olive-brown, yellow, and golden-brown, and are a way of classifying algae into groups. 16

Diversity of Algae • The photosynthesizing unicellular protists, known as phytoplankton are so numerous

Diversity of Algae • The photosynthesizing unicellular protists, known as phytoplankton are so numerous that they are one of the major producers of nutrients and oxygen in aquatic ecosystems in the world. • Through photosynthesis, algae produce much of the oxygen used on Earth. • Algae are classified into six phyla. • Three of these phyla—the euglenoids, diatoms, and dinoflagellates—include only unicellular species. • In the other three phyla, which are the green, red, and brown algae, most species are multicellular. 17

Plant-like Protists • Phylum Chlorophyta – green algae – mostly aquatic – Ex: Ulva,

Plant-like Protists • Phylum Chlorophyta – green algae – mostly aquatic – Ex: Ulva, Volvox • The green algae are the most diverse algae, with more than 7000 species. • The major pigment in green algae is chlorophyll, but some species also have yellow pigments that give them a yellow-green color. • Most species of green algae live in freshwater, but some live in the oceans, in moist soil, on tree trunks, in snow, and even in the 18 fur of sloths.

Types of Green Algae • Green algae can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular in

Types of Green Algae • Green algae can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular in organization. • Chlamydomonas is a unicellular and flagellated green alga. • Spirogyra is a multicellular species that forms slender filaments. • Volvox is a green alga that can form a colony, a group of cells that lives together in close association. 20

Green Algae • Green algae can reproduce both asexually and sexually. • Spirogyra can

Green Algae • Green algae can reproduce both asexually and sexually. • Spirogyra can reproduce asexually through fragmentation. • During fragmentation, an individual breaks up into pieces and each piece grows into a new individual. 21

Algae Brown Algae Text Red Algae 22

Algae Brown Algae Text Red Algae 22

Brown Algae - Phylum Phaeophyta – brown algae • Ex. Sargassum, Giant Kelp –

Brown Algae - Phylum Phaeophyta – brown algae • Ex. Sargassum, Giant Kelp – all multicellular, mostly marine • Almost all of these species live in salt water along rocky coasts in cool areas of the world. • Brown algae contain chlorophyll as well as a yellowish-brown carotenoid called fucoxanthin, which gives them their brown color. • Many species of brown algae have air bladders that keep their bodies floating near the surface, where light is available. • The largest and most complex of brown algae are kelp. • In kelp, the thallus is divided into the holdfast, stipe, and blade. • In some parts of the world such as off the California coast, giant 23 kelps form dense, underwater forests.

Red Algae • Phylum Rhodophyta red algae “seaweeds” Mostly multicellular Ex. Corallina, Irish Moss

Red Algae • Phylum Rhodophyta red algae “seaweeds” Mostly multicellular Ex. Corallina, Irish Moss • Red algae, members of the phylum Rhodophyta, are mostly multicellular marine seaweeds. • The body of a seaweed, as well as that of some plants and other organisms, is called a thallus and lacks roots, stems, or leaves. • Red algae use structures called holdfasts to attach to rocks. • In addition to chlorophyll, red algae also contain photosynthetic pigments called phycobilins. • These pigments absorb green, violet, and blue light—the only part of the light spectrum that penetrates water below depths of 100 m. Therefore, the red algae can live in deep water where most other 24 seaweeds cannot thrive.

Plant-like Protists • Phylum Dinoflagellata – dinoflagellates – unicellular – bioluminescence – causes red

Plant-like Protists • Phylum Dinoflagellata – dinoflagellates – unicellular – bioluminescence – causes red tides 25

Dinoflagellates: The spinning algae • Dinoflagellates members of the phylum Dinoflagellata, have cell walls

Dinoflagellates: The spinning algae • Dinoflagellates members of the phylum Dinoflagellata, have cell walls that are composed of thick cellulose plates. • Dinoflagellates contain chlorophyll, carotenoids, and red pigments. • They have two flagella located in grooves at right angles to each other. • The cell spins slowly as the flagella beat. 26

Dinoflagellates • A few species of dinoflagellates live in freshwater, but most are marine

Dinoflagellates • A few species of dinoflagellates live in freshwater, but most are marine and, like diatoms, are a major component of phytoplankton. • Many species live symbiotically with jellyfishes, mollusks, and corals. • Some free-living species are bioluminescent, which means that they emit light. One toxin- producing dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, that some North Carolina researchers discovered in 1988, has caused a number of fish kills in the coastal waters from Delaware to North Carolina. 27

Dinoflagellates • Another toxic species, Gonyaulax catanella, produces an extremely strong nerve toxin that

Dinoflagellates • Another toxic species, Gonyaulax catanella, produces an extremely strong nerve toxin that can be lethal. In the summer, these organisms may become so numerous that the ocean takes on a reddish color. This population explosion is called a red tide. • The toxins produced during a red tide may make humans ill. Red tide 28

Golden Brown Algae and Dinoflagellates • Diatoms contain chlorophyll as well as other pigments

Golden Brown Algae and Dinoflagellates • Diatoms contain chlorophyll as well as other pigments called carotenoids that usually give them a golden-yellow color. 29

Phylum Bacillariophyta & Chrysophyta – Diatoms or golden algae – fresh/salt water – silicon

Phylum Bacillariophyta & Chrysophyta – Diatoms or golden algae – fresh/salt water – silicon dioxide • • The food that diatoms make is stored as oils rather than starch. When diatoms die, their shells sink to the ocean floor. These oils give fishes that feed on diatoms an oily taste. They also give diatoms buoyancy so that they float near the surface where light is available. • The deposits of diatom shells—some of which are millions of years old—are dredged or mined, processed, and used as abrasives in tooth and metal polishes, or added to paint to give the sparkle that makes pavement lines more visible at night. 30

 • Phylum Euglenophyta – euglenoids – fresh water • Unicellular, aquatic protist that

• Phylum Euglenophyta – euglenoids – fresh water • Unicellular, aquatic protist that have both plant and animal-like characteristics. • NO cell wall • When light is available, uses it chloroplast with chlorophyll to photosynthesize and make its own food. • When no light is available, the euglena will eat like a heterotroph. • Move by using their flagella. • Most common type is Euglena gracilis 31

Parts of the Euglena • Contractile vacuole – used to pump out excess water

Parts of the Euglena • Contractile vacuole – used to pump out excess water • Eyespot – used to find light for photosynthesis • Pellicle- outer covering • Chloroplast – used for photosynthesis • Flagellum – used for movement 32

Euglenoids 33

Euglenoids 33

What are fungus-like protists? • There are three phyla of fungus-like protists. • Two

What are fungus-like protists? • There are three phyla of fungus-like protists. • Two of these phyla consist of slime molds. • Slime molds have characteristics of both protozoans and fungi and are classified by the way they reproduce. • Water molds and downy mildews make up the third phylum of fungus-like protists. • Some disease-causing species damage vital crops. 34

Fungus-like Protists • Water molds - reproduces • Slime Molds - 2 life both

Fungus-like Protists • Water molds - reproduces • Slime Molds - 2 life both ways cycles, mobile feeding & stationary reproduction • Phylum Oomycota • Phylum Acarsiomycota – pathogenic to plants – slime molds • Phylum Myxomycota – plasomodial slime mold – • – – potato blight, downey mildew Phylum Chytridiomycota primarily aquatic Saprophytes and parasites 35

Slime Molds • Many slime molds are beautifully colored, ranging from brilliant yellow or

Slime Molds • Many slime molds are beautifully colored, ranging from brilliant yellow or orange to rich blue, violet, and jet black. • They live in cool, moist, shady places where they grow on damp, organic matter, such as rotting leaves or decaying tree stumps and logs. • There are two major types of slime molds—plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds. • Slime molds are animal-like during much of their life cycle, moving about and engulfing food in a way similar to that of amoebas. • However, like fungi, slime molds make spores to reproduce. • Unlike plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds spend part of their life cycle as an independent amoeboid cell that feeds, grows, and divides by cell division. 36

Plasmodial slime molds • Plasmodial slime molds get their name from the fact that

Plasmodial slime molds • Plasmodial slime molds get their name from the fact that they form a plasmodium a mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei but no cell walls or membranes. This slimy, multinucleate mass, is the feeding stage of the organism. • The plasmodium creeps like an amoeba over the surfaces of decaying logs or leaves. • Some quicker plasmodiums move at the rate of about 2. 5 centimeters per hour, engulfing microscopic organisms and digesting them in food vacuoles. • A plasmodium may reach more than a meter in diameter and contain thousands of nuclei. 37

Water Molds and Downy Mildews • Most members of this large and diverse group

Water Molds and Downy Mildews • Most members of this large and diverse group of funguslike protists live in water or moist places. • Some feed on dead organisms and others are plant parasites. • Most water molds appear as fuzzy, white growths on decaying matter. • A downy mildew called Phytophthora infestans affected the lives of the people of Ireland by destroying their major food crop of potatoes. 38

What caused the Potato Famine of 1845 -1849? Phytophthora infestans Potato Blight 39

What caused the Potato Famine of 1845 -1849? Phytophthora infestans Potato Blight 39

Kingdom Fungi or Mycetae 40

Kingdom Fungi or Mycetae 40

Mycology - the study of fungi • Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, heterotrophic, non-photosynthetic with cell

Mycology - the study of fungi • Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, heterotrophic, non-photosynthetic with cell walls made of chitin. • Very important to the recycling of organic material in the environment. • Reproduce both ways- asexually by – Fragmentation – budding – haploid spores 41

Fungal Characteristics • Many species grow best in moist environments at warm temperatures between

Fungal Characteristics • Many species grow best in moist environments at warm temperatures between 20°C and 30°C. • Although there a few unicellular types of fungi, such as yeasts, most fungi are multicellular. • The basic structural units of multicellular fungi are their threadlike filaments called hyphae (singular, hypha), which develop from fungal spores. • There are different types of hyphae in a mycelium. Some anchor the fungus, some invade the food source, and others form fungal reproductive structures. 42

Fungal Characteristics • Unlike plants, which have cell walls made of cellulose, the cell

Fungal Characteristics • Unlike plants, which have cell walls made of cellulose, the cell walls of most fungi contain a complex carbohydrate called chitin. • Chitin gives the fungal cell walls both strength and flexibility. 43

Adaptations in Fungi • Fungi can be harmful. • Some cause food to spoil.

Adaptations in Fungi • Fungi can be harmful. • Some cause food to spoil. Some cause diseases, and some are poisonous. However, they play an important and beneficial role. • In a world without fungi, huge amounts of wastes, dead organisms, and debris, which consist of complex organic substances, would litter Earth. • Many fungi, along with some bacteria and protists, are decomposers. • They break down complex organic substances into raw materials that other living organisms need. 44

How Fungi obtain food • Fungi are heterotrophs, and they use a process called

How Fungi obtain food • Fungi are heterotrophs, and they use a process called extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients. • A fungus may be a saprophyte, a mutualist, or a parasite depending on its food source. • Saprophytes are decomposers and feed on waste or dead organic material. • Mutualists live in a symbiotic relationship with another organism, such as an alga. • Parasites absorb nutrients from the living cells of their hosts. 45

Fungal Reproduction • Depending on the species and on environmental conditions, a fungus may

Fungal Reproduction • Depending on the species and on environmental conditions, a fungus may reproduce asexually or sexually. • Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores. • The unicellular fungi called yeasts often reproduce by a process called budding—a form of asexual reproduction in which mitosis occurs and a new individual pinches off from the parent, matures, and eventually separates from the parent. • Most fungi produce spores. Yeast budding 46

Phylum Zygomycota • Zygomycetes – common bread mold -- Rhizopus stolonifer -- reproduce asexually

Phylum Zygomycota • Zygomycetes – common bread mold -- Rhizopus stolonifer -- reproduce asexually or sexually by producing spores. • Some hyphae called stolons grow horizontally along the surface of the bread, rapidly producing a mycelium. • Some other hyphae form rhizoids that penetrate the food anchor the mycelium in the bread. • When zygomycetes reproduce sexually, they produce zygospores which are thick-walled spores that can withstand unfavorable conditions. 47

Phylum Basidomycota • Club fungi – Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s nest fungi, and bracket

Phylum Basidomycota • Club fungi – Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s nest fungi, and bracket fungi are all basidiomycetes. 48

Phylum Basidomycota • A basidiomycete, such as a mushroom, has a complex reproductive cycle.

Phylum Basidomycota • A basidiomycete, such as a mushroom, has a complex reproductive cycle. • What you call a mushroom is a reproductive structure of the fungus. Most of the fungus is underground and not visible. 49

Phylum Ascomycota • sac fungi – – traditional baker’s & brewers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Phylum Ascomycota • sac fungi – – traditional baker’s & brewers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, morels, truffels, red bread mold. Ringworm, blackspot, tomato blight, cucumber scab • The ascomycetes are also called sac fungi. Both names refer to tiny saclike structures, each called an ascus, in which the sexual spores of the fungi develop. • Sac fungi are familiar to farmers and gardeners because they cause plant diseases such as apple scab and ergot of rye. 50

Phylum Ascomycota • Morels and truffles are two edible members of this phylum. •

Phylum Ascomycota • Morels and truffles are two edible members of this phylum. • Perhaps the most economically important ascomycetes are the yeasts. • Because yeasts produce alcohol, they are used to make wine and beer. • Other yeasts are used in baking because they produce carbon dioxide, the gas that causes bread dough to rise and take on a light, airy texture. 51

Phylum Deuteromycota • There about 25, 000 species of fungi classified as deuteromycetes, which

Phylum Deuteromycota • There about 25, 000 species of fungi classified as deuteromycetes, which have no known sexual stage in their life cycle. • Although the deuteromycetes may only be able to reproduce asexually, another possibility is that their sexual phase has not yet been observed by mycologists, biologists who study fungi. • If you’ve ever had strep throat, pneumonia, or other kinds of bacterial infection, your doctor may have prescribed penicillin—an antibiotic produced from a deuteromycete that is commonly seen growing on fruit. • Other deuteromycetes are used in the making of foods, such as soy sauce and some kinds of blue-veined cheese. 52

Phylum Deuteromycotes • Still some deuteromycetes are used commercially to produce substances such as

Phylum Deuteromycotes • Still some deuteromycetes are used commercially to produce substances such as citric acid, which gives jams, jellies, soft drinks, and fruit-flavored candies a tart taste. 53

Rhytisma acerinum (Tar-spot or Maple-blotch) Amanita muscaria Pin molds 54

Rhytisma acerinum (Tar-spot or Maple-blotch) Amanita muscaria Pin molds 54

Symbiotic Fungal Relationships • Mycorrhizae-symbiotic • Lichens-symbiotic association between a a fungus and plant

Symbiotic Fungal Relationships • Mycorrhizae-symbiotic • Lichens-symbiotic association between a a fungus and plant roots. photosynthetic – 90% of plants have partner. – used by landscapers – basidiomycetes, zygomycetes – 3 types – ascomycetes 55

Eucalyptus marginata http: //mycorrhiza. ag. utk. edu/ 56

Eucalyptus marginata http: //mycorrhiza. ag. utk. edu/ 56

Fungal Diseases • Ringworm, athletes foot, & jock itch • yeast infections - Candida

Fungal Diseases • Ringworm, athletes foot, & jock itch • yeast infections - Candida albicans • Wheat rust, cucumber scab, tomato blight, blackspot on roses • Poisonous mushrooms that may cause death if consumed, or breath the spores. 57

Helpful Fungi Penicillium - makes penicillin Yeast to make bread and alcohol Cephalosporium- makes

Helpful Fungi Penicillium - makes penicillin Yeast to make bread and alcohol Cephalosporium- makes antibiotics Edible mushrooms like white button, portabella & shiitake • Delicacies like truffels and morels. • • 58