Lecture 14 Kingdoms of Living Organisms Second Kingdom

Lecture 14: Kingdoms of Living Organisms Second: Kingdom of Protista ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴﺎﺕ In the five kingdoms of classification, eukaryotes were distributed among four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Protists are eukaryotes and thus are much more complex than the prokaryotes. Most of the known Protists are unicellular, but some are colonial ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ and others multi-cellular. Many Protists form resistant cells (cysts) ﺣﻮﺻﻠﺔ that can survive in harsh conditions. 3 Eukaryotes 1 2 Prokaryotes

Characters of Protists 1) Nutrition ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ : Some Protists are photoautotrophs with chloroplasts, heterotrophs or mixotrophs. 2) Movement ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ : Most Protists move with flagella or cilia during some time in their life cycles. 3) Reproduction ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ : Mitosis occurs in almost all Protists. Some Protists are asexual ﻻﺟﻨﺴﻴ

Examples of Protists 1 - Euglena ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺟﻠﻴﻨﺎ Systematic Position ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻲ Kingdom: Protista ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴﺎﺕ Subkingdom: Protozoa ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ Phylum: Mastigophora ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻃﻴﺎﺕ Euglena sp. Can use chloroplasts to undergo photosynthesis if light is available or live as a heterotroph by absorbing organic nutrients from the environment. Reproduce asexually by “binary fission”. Sometimes form resistant cells (cysts) that can survive in harsh conditions.

2 - Trypanosoma ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﺒﺎﻧﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎ Systematic Position: Kingdom: Protista ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴﺎﺕ Subkingdom: Protozoa ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ Phylum: Mastigophora ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻃﻴﺎﺕ Trypanosoma sp. It is pathogenic parasite. Causes African sleeping sickness ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻔﺮﻳﻘﻲ

3 - Plasmodium ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ Systematic Position: Kingdom: Protista ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴﺎﺕ Subkingdom: Protozoa ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ Phylum: Sporozoa (Apicomplexa) ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻏﻴﺎﺕ Plasmodium sp ﺑﻼﺯﻣﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺭﻳﺎ Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria, spends part of its life in mosquitoes and part in humans.

4 - Paramecium ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ Systematic Position: Kingdom: Protista ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴﺎﺕ Subkingdom: Protozoa ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ Phylum: Ciliophora ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﺑﻴﺎﺕ Paramecium sp ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ The Ciliophora (ciliates) is named for their use of cilia to move and feed. Most ciliates live in freshwater. Paramecium: has cilia along the oral groove ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻲ draw in food ﻳﺒﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ by phagocytosis, and expels ﻭﺧﺮﺝ accumulated water from the contractile vacuole ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒﻀﺔ .

Paramecium has two types of nuclei, a large macronucleus and a tiny micronucleus. Paramecium generally reproduce asexually by binary fission of the macronucleus, rather than mitotic division. The micronucleus is required for sexual processes that generate genetic variation. ﺍﻷﻬﺪﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒﻀﺔ

5 - Amoeba ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺒﺎ Systematic Position: Kingdom: Protista ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴﺎﺕ Subkingdom: Protozoa ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ Phylum: Sarcodian ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﻴﺎﺕ Amoeba sp ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺒﺎ Amoebas are all unicellular and use pseudopodia ﺍﻷﻘﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺑﺔ to move and to feed. Amoeboid movement ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺒﻴﺔ occurs by changes in microtubules and microfilaments in the cytoskeleton.

Pseudopodia activity is directed toward food. Amoebas inhabit freshwater, marine environments and soils Most species are free-living heterotrophs. Some are important parasites. These include Entamoeba histolytica which causes amoeboid dysentery ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺳﻨﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ in humans. These organisms spread by contaminated drinking water, food, and eating utensils.