Green Chemistry as a Recent Trend in Pharmacy

Green Chemistry as a Recent Trend in Pharmacy Education to Afford Pharmaceutical Products Presented By Prof. Dr. Salwa Elmeligie Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Egypt

I am 1. Professor & Head of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. 2. Member of technical office at National Authority of Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Education (NAQAAE), Egypt. 3. Trainer in Faculty and Leadership Development Center, Cairo University. 4. Evaluator at Project administration, Ministry of Higher Education. 5. Consultant at missions and Cultural Affairs at the Ministry of Higher Education. 6 - Member of strategic plan committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. Other Posts: 1. Reviewer for Higher Education Institutions, conducted by NAQAAE. 2. Member of Council of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. Prof. Salwa Elmeligie

Welcome again 10/24/2020 3

Performance objectives To highlight ØThe role of organic chemistry in pharmacy. ØEmergence of green chemistry. ØGreen chemistry education. ØApplications in pharmacy. 10/24/2020 4

The role of organic chemistry in pharmacy 10/24/2020 5

ØOrganic chemistry is the base of pharmacy, without chemistry a pharmacist can not understand the chemical formulae of the drugs and the design of new drugs. In this way a pharmacist can not practice the field of pharmacy without a plentiful knowledge about chemistry. 10/24/2020 Dr Narendra Babu, doctorjob. com. my 6

ØAdditionally, organic chemistry deals with life and life processes, being associated with nearly every aspect of our existence. All the key molecules of life, such as DNA, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, are organic compounds, furnishing the energy that sustains life. 10/24/2020 https: //www. ntnu. edu/studies/mschem/organic-chemistry 7

ØThe citric acid cycle also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 10/24/2020 8

ØAnthraquinone glycosides possess anthracene or their derivatives as aglycone. 10/24/2020 9

Ø The foundation of the pharmaceutical industry includes of a group of highly skilled chemists. The manufacturing of bulk drugs or commercial drugs involves the direct supervision of chemists, who are involved in the R&D process of pharmaceuticals where new drugs are designed and synthesized. The manufacturing of dosage forms like tablets, capsules and injections has to be done under the strict supervision of qualified pharmacists. 10/24/2020 Dr Narendra Babu, doctorjob. com. my 10

The Emergence of green chemistry 10/24/2020 12

Ø Green Chemistry has evolved in 1991 from its roots in academic research to become a mainstream practice supported by academia, industry and government. Ø Green chemistry, is also called benign chemistry or clean chemistry for sustainability. Ø The success of green chemistry depends on the training and education of a new generation of chemists. 10/24/2020 Dennis L. Hjeresen, David L. Schutt and Janet M. Boese, JChem. Edmchem. wisc. edu. , 77, 2000, 1543 -1547 13

“ Chemistry has an important role to play in achieving a sustainable civilization on earth. ” 10/24/2020 14 Dr. Terry Collins

Generally, as human beings are part of the environment, the way in which we interact with our environment influences the quality of our lives. Sustainable development (the goal) Industrial ecology Green Chemistry a tool Green chemistry education 10/24/2020 Green chemistry, lies at the heart of the industrial ecology UNESCO conference on ESD , Bonn, Germany, 2009 15

Green chemistry education 10/24/2020 16

Ø Working in the pharmaceutical industry is challenging. The graduate needs to have both interpersonal and intrapersonal skills to work with other colleagues. In addition to a bachelor's degree, graduates have to be trained in Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). 10/24/2020 Dr Narendra Babu, doctorjob. com. my 17

Green chemistry: challenges and prospectives 10/24/2020 18

Learning objectives Ø To conceptualize the sustainability for green chemistry and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)* which allows every graduate to acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values necessary to shape a sustainable career future. * UNESCO is the lead agency for the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005 -2014). 10/24/2020 http: //www. unesco. org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/educationfor-sustainable-development/ 19

Ø To understand how to apply this concept in our research fields of interest aiming to safe our enviroment. Ø To think prospectively about how to change our education subjects to be sustainable learning tools by investigating examples of green chemistry applications relevant to students. Ø To understand the important role of the green chemistry and how to deal with it in our practical life. 10/24/2020 20 UNESCO conference on ESD , Bonn, Germany, 2009

Strategies to integrate green chemistry into an already crowded brown chemistry curriculum Ø Changing our mind set and applying the green concept in classroom, laboratory, manufacture and the surrounding environment. Ø Involving students in the process of greening the curriculum. Ø Modernizing the curriculum using the latest green chemistry developments. ØReplacing rather than adding course materials. 10/24/2020 21 http: //www. epa. gov/greenchemistry/pubs/educat. html/

ØFinding experiments that illustrate green chemistry concepts and are effective in the teaching labs. ØDeveloping interactive Teaching Units (ITU) which have been developed specifically to introduce undergraduate students to green chemistry. ØEncouraging chemistry students to consider the principles of green chemistry when designing processes and choosing reagents. 10/24/2020 22

Twelve principles of green chemistry 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Prevention. Atom Economy. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis. Designing Safer Chemical. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries. Design for Energy Efficiency. Use of Renewable Feedstock. Reduce derivatives. Catalysis. Design for degradation. Real-time analysis for pollution prevention. Inherently safer chemistry for Accident Prevention. Matthew A. Albrecht, Cameron W. Evans and Colin L. Raston, (2006), The Royal Society of Chemistry , 8, 417– 432.

ØEmitting legislation in favour of green chemistry. Ø Giving award to green chemistry users. ØGiving grants to green chemistry research/development. ØDeveloping educational activities in green chemistry. Ø Organizing conferences seminars and works for green chemistry. Ø Establishing good relationship with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ØHelping others learn from our experience. 10/24/2020 Green chemistry education: A strategy for environmental control and sustainability, Omiko Akani (Ph. D) 24

The green chemistry institute ØA major force in taking the concept and the practice of green chemistry around the world has been the Green Chemistry Institute (GCI). Created in 1997, the Institute flourished by promoting and fostering the furtherance of Green Chemistry through research, education conferences/deliberative symposia/meetings and information dissemination including public awareness. ØIn 2001, the Green Chemistry Institute became part of the American Chemical Society. The two organizations joined to pursue their joint interests in the discovery and design of chemical products and processes that eliminate generation and use of hazardous substances. 10/24/2020 Dennis L. Hjeresen, David L. Schutt and Janet M. Boese, JChem. Edmchem. wisc. edu. , 77, 2000, 1543 -1547 25

American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute ACS Green Chemistry Institute® Its mission is to catalyze and enable the implementation of green chemistry and engineering throughout the global chemical enterprise through: Ø Performing assignments and group presentations. Ø Using standards guidelines and ACS approval program. ØUsing safety ACS guidelines to incorporate safe practices into your teaching curriculum. http: //www. acs. org/content/acs/en/greenchemistry. html

Green chemistry techniques For example Ø Reactions in alternative solvents. Ø Ø Atom economic multi-component reactions. Microwave. Ultrasonic reactions. Flow reactions. 10/24/2020 27

ØØSpecifically designed andwith equipped to streamline The new lab is equipped modern chemistry Ø Designedallowing discussion space to within thetheir lab to facilitate workflow, students spend time in lab 29 instruments. more productively. collaborative, students discussions. 10/24/2020

Ø In addition to creating a safer work environment, the green ØWhich The Additional lab green features include an in-house "green" fume Ø willalso save tens of state-of-the-art thousands of gallons ofvacuum waterhoods each hoods use high-tech filters to clean and recirculate the lab system. students to work in. be used to operate water aspirators. yearfor that would otherwise air. 10/24/2020 30

Applications in pharmacy 10/24/2020 31

Nanomaterials used as nanomedicines with green synthesis Nanomaterial Clinical use Green synthesis Gold Cancer therapy, diagnosis From plant extracts, From Bacteria Silver Anti-microbial activity Almond leaves, Tannic acid Iron oxide MRI contrast, diagnostic From tea leaf extract, Bacteria Zinc oxide Anti -bacterial activity From plant extracts Carbon Nanotubes Toxicology studies, cancer Using Camphor, Biodiesel (plant) Betty Y. S. Kim, James T. Rutka and Warren C. W. Chan, (2010), Journal of medicine, 363, 2434 -2443.

Green synthesis of some nanomedicines Gold nanoparticles TEA LEAF EMBLICA OFFICINALE From plant extract EDIBLE MUSHROOM TAMARINDUS INDICA

Silver nanoparticles D LEAVES ALOE VERA HONEY TANNIC ACID Betty Y. S. Kim, James T. Rutka and Warren C. W. Chan, (2010), Journal of medicine, 363, 2434 -2443.

TAML® Catalyst Features ØFormed from biochemically common elements. – prototype exhibits v. low toxicity. ØBeginning of “dial-a-lifetime” catalysis. ØEconomical to synthesize. ØWater-soluble. ØUsable from p. H 1 to 13. ØEfficient users of peroxide. —fast peroxidase/slow catalase Ø 10 US patents, >70 counting foreign nationalizations. ØEffective at 0. 1 to 4 ppm = n. M to low m. M. ØAmenable to modifications for capturing novel selectivity. ØCurrently being produced for small scale commercial uses. 10/24/2020 35

ØIndeed, the most simple and direct way to apply green chemistry in pharmaceutical products is to utilize eco-friendly, nonhazardous, reproducible and efficient solvents and catalysts in synthesis of drug molecules, drug intermediates and in researches involving synthetic chemistry.

ØCurrently, our interest in Cairo University is focused in adopting and applying green chemistry principles as a recent trend in pharmaceutical teaching and learning methods for graduate students in pharmaceutical organic chemistry courses. Ø Also, green chemistry is applied in our Faculty research plan (2012 -2017) for postgraduate students to afford pharmaceutical products. ØThe first trial was in 2007, since we designed and synthesized anticancer compounds structurally related to combretastatin that bind to tubulin at colchicine binding site through applying green chemistry. 10/24/2020 37

Combretastatin A 4 Phosphate (CA 4 P) Combretastatins (CA 1 -4), as natural antimitotic agents, were isolated from the bark of the South African tree Combretum caffrum. 10/24/2020 Pettit, G. ; Singh, S. ; Boyd, M. ; Hamel, E. ; Pettit, R. ; Schmidt, J. and Hogan, F. ; J. Med. Chem. , 38, 1666 (1995). 38

Ø So, one of our compounds is the diaryl cyclohexene dreivative (3) which was synthesized with green solvents, reagents and consuming less time to exhibit its potent in- vitro cytotoxicity. Ø Currently, CA 4 P as an anticancer drug is in Phase III to evaluate the safety and efficacy standards. CA 4 P 10/24/2020 39

Conclusion Ø Applying the concept of green chemistry in education is built on understanding the needs of pharmaceutical industries and laboratories that have an important role in pharmacy to achieve good manufacture products with the following advantages : 10/24/2020 40

Ø Preventing pollution before it happens rather than cleaning up the mess later. Ø Saving pharmaceutical companies money by using less energy and fewer/safer chemicals, thus reducing costs & impacts of pollution. Ø Mitigating climate change, water & resource depletion, & growing demands for safer products and cleaner energy. 10/24/2020 http: //www. chemistry. org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay. html? DOC=education greenchemcases. html 41

Recommendations Our goal is a graduate capable of competing in the labor market and providing pharmaceutical services in all aspects, thereby enhancing the quality use of medicine. So, our vision is that the philosophy and practice of green chemistry education to be spread as a part of pharmacy ethics to balance eco-development profitable for society and a healthy environment. 10/24/2020 42

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Thank You 10/24/2020 45