Chemical Exposure Environmental Contamination Chapter 3 How are

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Chemical Exposure & Environmental Contamination Chapter 3 • How are chemicals released into the

Chemical Exposure & Environmental Contamination Chapter 3 • How are chemicals released into the environment? • What are the impacts on the environment? – The list of potentially hazardous compounds is large BUT many organic compounds are not harmful • Volatility (inhalation) • Solubility (particularly water)

Chemical Exposure & Environmental Contamination • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) – Solvents, plasticizers, cleaners,

Chemical Exposure & Environmental Contamination • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) – Solvents, plasticizers, cleaners, air deodorants, paints, smoking, driving • Emissions – Air, water, and soil pollution • So, what can we do?

Go Green!? ? What does Going Green Mean? Becoming an Eagles Fan? Being a

Go Green!? ? What does Going Green Mean? Becoming an Eagles Fan? Being a Frog? Going Green

Introduction to Green Chemistry Chapter 5 • How do we deal with Chemical Exposure?

Introduction to Green Chemistry Chapter 5 • How do we deal with Chemical Exposure? – Traditional Approaches • Minimize risk by limiting exposure & reducing quantities used – – – “scrubbers” Treatment of waste water Incineration Chemical treatment Waste minimization

Introduction to Green Chemistry – Green Chemistry Strategies • Minimize risk by striving to

Introduction to Green Chemistry – Green Chemistry Strategies • Minimize risk by striving to eliminate or reduce use & generation of hazardous substances Risk = f(exposure, hazard) • The 12 principles of green chemistry serve as a guide – Paul Anastas and John Warner

12 Principles of Green Chemistry • • • Waste Prevention Atom Economy (Chapter 8)

12 Principles of Green Chemistry • • • Waste Prevention Atom Economy (Chapter 8) Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis (Chapter 8) Designing Safer Products Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries (Chapter 6) Design for Energy Efficiency Use of Renewable Feedstocks (Chapter 9) Reduce Derivatives (Chapter 8) Catalysis (Chapter 7) Design for Degradation (Chapter 9) Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention Accident Prevention

Green Chemistry Metrics How do we measure the “greenness” of a reaction? • Percent

Green Chemistry Metrics How do we measure the “greenness” of a reaction? • Percent (Chemical) Yield • Atom Economy – How much of the reactants remain in the final product – Does not account for solvents, reagents, reaction yield, and reactant molar excess • Atom Efficiency

Green Chemistry Metrics (cont) • Effective Mass Yield – What is benign? Who decides?

Green Chemistry Metrics (cont) • Effective Mass Yield – What is benign? Who decides? – Ignores stoichiometry • E-Factor – Typically split into 2 sub-categories: organic & aqueous waste – Smaller is better

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EXPOSURE TRANSAKSI Exposure Transaksi Why Exposure transaksi munculEXPOSURE TRANSAKSI Exposure Transaksi Why Exposure transaksi muncul
MANAJEMEN EXPOSURE TRANSAKSI Exposure Transaksi Why Exposure transaksiMANAJEMEN EXPOSURE TRANSAKSI Exposure Transaksi Why Exposure transaksi
Hedging Economic Exposure Transaction Exposure vs Economic ExposureHedging Economic Exposure Transaction Exposure vs Economic Exposure
Aspects of Exposure Photojournalism Exposure What is exposureAspects of Exposure Photojournalism Exposure What is exposure