GENERAL CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES AND MODERN APPLICATIONS ELEVENTH EDITION

Chemical Compounds Slide 3 - 2 CONTENTS 3 -1 Types of Chemical Compounds and

3 -1 Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas Molecular Compounds Slide 3 -

FIGURE 3 -1 Several representations of the compound acetic acid Slide 3 - 4

FIGURE 3 -2 Visualizations of (a) butane, (b) methylpropane, and (c) testosterone Slide 3

FIGURE 3 -3 Color scheme for use in molecular models Slide 3 - 6

Ionic Compounds • Atoms of almost all elements can gain or lose electrons to

FIGURE 3 -4 Portion of an ionic crystal and a formula unit of Na.

3 -2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds Formula mass the mass of a

Mole of a Compound Mole an amount of compound containing Avogadro’s number (6. 022×

Mole of an Element – A Second Look FIGURE 3 -5 Molecular forms of

3 -3 Composition of Chemical Compounds Halothane C 2 HBr. Cl. F 3 Mole

Calculating Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula 1. Determine the molar mass of the

Establishing Formulas from Experimentally Determined Percent Composition of Compounds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Combustion Analysis Slide 3 - 15 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson

FIGURE 3 -6 Apparatus for combustion analysis Slide 3 - 16 General Chemistry: Chapter

3 -4 Oxidation States: A Useful tool in Describing chemical Compounds Metals tend to

Slide 3 - 18 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

3 -5 Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds Lead (IV) oxide Lead (II) oxide

3 -6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds Binary Compounds of Metals and Nonmetals

Slide 3 - 21 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Binary Compounds of Two Non-Metals Molecular compounds usually write the positive OS element first.

Slide 3 - 23 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Binary Acids produce H+ when dissolved in water. They are compounds that ionize in

Polyatomic Ions Increasing oxidation state of nonmetal hypo___ite ___ate per___ate Increasing number of oxygen

Slide 3 - 26 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Oxoacids Slide 3 - 27 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada

Some Compounds of Greater Complexity Effect of Moisture Blue anhydrous Co. Cl 2 Pink

3 -7 Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds Organic compounds abound in nature Fats,

Hydrocarbons FIGURE 3 -9 Visualizations of some hydrocarbons Slide 3 - 30 General Chemistry:

Isomers have the same molecular formula but have different arrangements of atoms in space.

Functional Groups FIGURE 3 -10 Visualizations of some alcohols Slide 3 - 32 General

FIGURE 3 -11 The carboxyl group and visualizations of two carboxylic acids Slide 3

End of Chapter Slide 3 - 34 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017

Slides: 34

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES AND MODERN APPLICATIONS ELEVENTH EDITION PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE Chemical Compounds 3 PHILIP DUTTON UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY Slide 3 - 1 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Chemical Compounds Slide 3 - 2 CONTENTS 3 -1 Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas 3 -2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds 3 -3 Composition of Chemical Compounds 3 -4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds 3 -5 Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds 3 -6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Ionic Compounds • Atoms of almost all elements can gain or lose electrons to form charged species called ions. • Compounds composed of ions are known as ionic compounds. + Metals tend to lose electrons to form positively charged ions called cations. − Non-metals tend to gain electrons to form negatively charged ions called anions. Slide 3 - 7 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

3 -2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds Formula mass the mass of a formula unit in atomic mass units (u) Molecular mass a formula mass of a molecular compound Weighted average mass add up the weighted average atomic masses Exact Mass add up the isotopic masses (see mass spectrometry) Slide 3 - 9 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Mole of a Compound Mole an amount of compound containing Avogadro’s number (6. 022× 1023) of formula units or molecules Molar mass the mass of one mole of formula units or molecules Slide 3 - 10 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

3 -3 Composition of Chemical Compounds Halothane C 2 HBr. Cl. F 3 Mole ratio n. C/nhalothane Mass ratio m. C/mhalothane M(C 2 HBr. Cl. F 3) = 2 MC + MH + MBr + MCl + 3 MF = (2 x 12. 01) + 1. 01 + 79. 90 + 35. 45 + (3 x 19. 00) = 197. 38 g/mol Slide 3 - 12 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Calculating Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula 1. Determine the molar mass of the compound 2. Determine the contribution of the given element to the molar mass 3. Formulate the ratio of the mass of the given element to the mass of the compound as a whole 4. Multiply this ratio by 100% to obtain the mass percent of the element Slide 3 - 13 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Establishing Formulas from Experimentally Determined Percent Composition of Compounds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Slide 3 - 14 Choose an arbitrary sample size (100 g). Convert masses to amounts in moles. Write a formula. Convert formula to small whole numbers. Multiply all subscripts by a small whole number to make the subscripts integral. General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

3 -4 Oxidation States: A Useful tool in Describing chemical Compounds Metals tend to lose electrons Na Na+ + e– reducing agents Non-metals tend to gain electrons Cl + e– Cl– oxidizing agents We use the oxidation state to keep track of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost by an element. Slide 3 - 17 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Binary Compounds of Two Non-Metals Molecular compounds usually write the positive OS element first. HCl hydrogen chloride Some pairs form more than one compound Slide 3 - 22 mono 1 hexa 6 di 2 hepta 7 tri 3 octa 8 tetra 4 nona 9 penta 5 deca 10 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Binary Acids produce H+ when dissolved in water. They are compounds that ionize in water. The symbol (aq) signifies aqueous solution. HF(aq) = hydrofluoric acid HBr(aq) = hydrobromic acid HCl(aq) = hydrochloric acid HI(aq) = hydroiodic acid H 2 S(aq) = hydrosulfuric acid Slide 3 - 24 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Some Compounds of Greater Complexity Effect of Moisture Blue anhydrous Co. Cl 2 Pink hexahydrate Co. Cl 2 • 6 H 2 O 6 mol H 2 O x %H 2 O = 18. 02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O x 100% 237. 9 g Co. Cl 2 • 6 H 2 O = 45. 45% H 2 O FIGURE 3 -8 Effect of moisture on Co. Cl 2 Slide 3 - 28 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

3 -7 Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds Organic compounds abound in nature Fats, carbohydrates and proteins are foods. Propane, gasoline, kerosene, oil are fuels. Drugs and plastics are produced by chemical industries. Carbon atoms form chains and rings and act as the framework of molecules. Slide 3 - 29 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Isomers have the same molecular formula but have different arrangements of atoms in space. Butane and methylpropane are isomers. Slide 3 - 31 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.