Enlightenment and Revolution 1550 1789 Chapter 6 The

Enlightenment and Revolution 1550 -1789 Chapter 6

The Scientific Revolution Section 1

Learning Targets • I can define the scientific revolution • I can explain how the scientific revolution changed the way people looked at the world

A Little Background… • Before the Enlightenment: – People were educated through their church – Most people couldn’t read • How did they know what was true? • After the Enlightenment: – People used science to learn – Began to read on their own! – Became more independent and free

The Roots of Modern Science • The Medieval View: – Geocentric Theory • “Earth-centered” theory of the universe • Everything revolved around the earth • Christianity had taught this for centuries

The Roots of Modern Science • A New Way of Thinking: – The Scientific Revolution • Some people began writing down new ideas and sharing them in books (like the internet today) • They questioned what was taught in the past • As Europeans explored, they used new technology – Many were inspired by this to discover even more

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • The Heliocentric Theory – “Sun-Centered” Theory – Nicolaus Copernicus created this in the early 1500 s • He feared persecution by the Church for challenging their “geocentric” theory • Didn’t publish his findings until he was on his deathbed!

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • Galileo’s Discoveries: – Took early version of telescope and improved it in 1609 – Used it to write a book, Starry Messenger, to describe his discoveries • Moon had rough surface • Sun had spots (used sunglasses) • Jupiter had four moons

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • Conflict With the Church: – Like Copernicus, his ideas challenged church authority – He was summoned by the Pope, to apologize and deny his discoveries • He did • Lived under house arrest the rest of his life! – The church admitted Galileo was right in 1992

The Scientific Method • These scientists developed a common routine for discovering new ideas – Observe something – Identify a problem, and guess a solution – Then test your solution – Evaluate the results and retest if necessary

The Scientific Method • Bacon and Descartes: – Frances Bacon encouraged more experimentation to prove new ideas • He wrote publicly about this, and attacked anyone who disagreed – Rene Descartes wanted to use Math and Logic to prove new ideas • “I think, therefore I am. ” • Anything is uncertain until logic proved it true.

Newton Explains Law of Gravity • Isaac Newton: – Brought all recent discoveries into a new theory – Universal Law of Gravitation • Every object in the universe attracts every other object • Strength of attraction depends on mass and distance

The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Scientific Instruments: – The Microscope • Now able to look at bacteria • Red Blood Cells – Thermometer • 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit develops his own thermometer • 1742, Anders Celsius creates his own thermometer too

The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Medicine and the Human Body – Doctors used to accept the writings of someone who had never dissected a body! • Had assumed human anatomy was same as pigs • Soon, scientists started to dissect real human bodies to improve medicine – Smallpox • Late 1700’s, Edward Jenner created a smallpox vaccine using a weaker version from cows

The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Discoveries in Chemistry: – Robert Boyle • Father of modern chemistry • Explained relationship of volume, temperature, and pressure – Think of water boiling

The Enlightenment in Europe Section 2

Learning Targets • I can summarize how Enlightenment ideas are found in the U. S. government

“Sum it up!” Activity • Go to Chapter 6 Sec 2 • Put your name and date at the top – 9/3/10 • Put the title of the Section • Read the Section – As you read, write down the main ideas • Using main ideas, summarize at bottom in 20 words or less!

The Enlightenment in Europe Section 2

Learning Targets • I can summarize Enlightenment ideas that are found in the U. S. government.

A Little Background… • The Enlightenment – An age of reason – Influenced by Scientific Revolution – Stressed ability of individuals to solve problems – Influenced western countries (like the U. S. )

Two Views on Government • Hobbes Social Contract: – Thomas Hobbes fought in English Civil War • It was horrible and bloody • He lost faith in human beings – Hobbes’ doesn’t trust most humans • Believes they needed a strong leader • Needed to surrender their rights for order • Called this a Social Contract

Two Views on Government • Locke’s Natural Rights: – Opposite of Hobbes – John Locke trusted people – Believed people would make good choices over time – Argued Self-Rule • Ideas of Life, Liberty, and Property – Strong supporter of Democracy

The Philosophes Advocate Reason • French Philosophers Believed in 5 Things: – Reason – Nature – Happiness – Progress – Liberty

The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Voltaire Combats Intolerance: – Challenged authority of powerful leaders – Strong supporter of Free Speech: • “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it. ”

The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers: – Baron de Montesquieu (mon-tah-skew) admired the British system of government – Supported idea of separation of powers in a government • Influenced 3 Branches in U. S. Constitution • Executive, Legislative, and Judicial

The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Rousseau: Champion of Freedom: – Jean Jacques Rousseau – Strong supporter of Direct Democracy • Citizens vote directly on EVERYTHING – Believed people worked together to create a government of laws • People surrendered some freedoms, but not as many as Hobbes had suggested

The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice: – Cesare Beccaria (Bayk-uh-ree-ah) – Believed in fair legal system – Laws should be enforced for everyone – No cruel or unusual punishment – Punishment = seriousness of crime • No capital punishment though

Women and the Enlightenment • Most women did not benefit from the Enlightenment • Some influenced change: – Mary Wollstonecraft • Argued that women needed equal education as men • Influenced many women entering field of medicine and politics

Legacy of the Enlightenment • Belief in Progress: – New discoveries encouraged new ideas – Galileo and Newton opened the door for new discoveries in science – People also believed that social problems could be solved in much the same way

Legacy of the Enlightenment • A More Secular Outlook: – Secular (Worldly, or Non-Religious) – New discoveries challenged teachings and authority of church – Some questioned God’s existence – Scientists like Newton were very religious • Hoped to reveal God’s power through his discoveries

Legacy of the Enlightenment • Importance of the Individual: – As people turned away from authority, they turned to themselves – Governments should represent these individuals • Representative Democracy – Economic Progress: • People acting on own self-interest would create economic progress

Enlightenment Chart • On a blank piece of paper… – Fold in half vertically – On one side list Enlightenment Thinkers – On the right side, describe their impact on our government today

The Enlightenment Spreads Section 3

Learning Targets • I can identify and locate on a map, the European nations where the Enlightenment expanded to. • I can explain the causes of the Enlightenment.

Key Idea (section 3): • Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western World, and influenced the arts, economies, and governments.

Paris Enjoys the Enlightenment • Paris, France: – Became cultural center of Europe – People from Europe and the Americas came to Paris to hear these new ideas – Writers and Artists gathered in wealthy homes to discuss new ideas • Called salons.

Enlightenment creates the Encyclopedia • Marie-Therese Geoffrin – Hosts “salon” discussions – Funds the research for the creation of the Encyclopedia

Enlightenment creates the Encyclopedia • Denis Diderot – Uses her money to write down all the information / knowledge he can into a set of books called The Encyclopedia.

Enlightenment creates the Encyclopedia • Challenges to the Encyclopedia – The Catholic Church banned it – The French Government did too • These bans were later lifted, and the Encyclopedia helped to spread Enlightenment ideas

Social Classes • The Middle Class: – They were already becoming wealthier – But did not enjoy the privileges of the nobles – Nor did they have much political power – Ideas of equality sounded great to them

Art Grows Too • Artists: – Showed more balance and elegance – More simplicity • Composers: – “Classical” music started to emerge – It was lighter and more elegant • Literature: – The “novel” was born – Longer stories with many twists and character descriptions

Enlightenment and Monarchy • The best form of government: – Many enlightenment thinkers believed that a monarchy was the best government – Only as long as the monarch respected the rights of the people – The enlightenment thinkers tried to influence the monarchs to rule fairly

Let’s Review… • Get out a blank piece of paper • Write every letter of the Alphabet A-Z • Try to come up with a word from the notes for each letter! • Then write a 3 -4 sentence summary on the back

The Enlightened Despots • Despot– Absolute ruler • There were 3 Enlightened Despots: – Frederick the Great of Prussia – Joseph II of the Roman Empire – Catherine the Great of Russia

Frederick the Great • Prussian • Called himself a servant of Prussia • Religious Freedom, free speech, better education • Got rid of torture – Like Beccaria

Joseph II • Holy Roman Emperor • Free Speech • Freedom of Worship – Protestants and Jews • They undid his changes after he died!

Catherine the Great • Russian • Absolute Ruler • Followed ideas of Beccaria and Montesquieu • Started to make changes for the better through commissions • Never got it done though!

What We Learned Today • The Enlightenment started to spread especially through Paris, France – Talked about ideas in “salons” • New ideas put together in Encyclopedia • Middle Class grew wealthier, but didn’t have more power • Art became simpler and more interesting • Leaders became more “enlightened”

The American Revolution Section 4

Learning Targets • I can explain the causes of the American Revolution. • I can describe the Enlightenment ideas that are found in the American Revolution.

Some Background • During the 1700’s, the British had 13 American colonies – They were growing in population and wealth – Slowly becoming different from the “motherland” of Great Britain – British continued to pass laws that governed or limited the colonists’ rights – This included forcing the colonists to trade only with the British

Taxation Without Representation! • The British still had to pay for the high cost of the French and Indian War (1757 -1763). – So Parliament decided to have the colonists pay for it with taxes – The colonists had never had to pay taxes directly to the British Government before – British figured the colonists should have to pay for their protection and inclusion into the empire

Taxation Without Representation! • British tax the colonists: – Colonists boycott (refuse to buy) British goods to avoid tax (1765) – Very effective, forces British to repeal tax

Declaring Independence • The British soon imposed new taxes • The American Colonists continued to protest these • Tensions increased – The British sent in more troops • The Colonists would resist these things: – The Boston Tea Party – The Boston Massacre

Declaring Independence • Lexington and Concord (1765) – British try to seize colonists’ weapons – Colony militias fight back in these towns starting the American Revolution • Representatives of the Colonists meet to decide the next step – In July 1776, they write the Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson) • Based on ideas of Enlightenment

The American Revolution • From 1775 to 1781 the American colonists and the British fought • Despite the British being stronger they lost: – The British people had grown tired of the conflict – The French military came to the aid of the Americans – The British willingly agreed to a peace agreement • The British recognized the independence and sovereignty of the United States – The Americans had more to fight for! Freedom.

The United States • The 13 states (former colonies) formed a new government: – Called the Articles of Confederation – Very weak; couldn’t tax or raise enough money – States had a lot of power – Central Government had very little power – States even had their own currencies! • In 1787, the states met to form a new type of government that is more united – The Constitution

Influences on the Constitution • Montesquieu: – 3 Branches of Government, Separation of Powers • Locke: – Life, Liberty, Property, and the pursuit of happiness • Voltaire: – Free speech and religion • Beccaria: – A fair system of justice

The Enlightenment in the U. S. • Get a U. S. History Book (BLUE) – Declaration of Independence (page 54) – Constitution (page 84) – Bill of Rights (page 96) • 1 st 10 Amendments