Enlightenment Revolution 1550 1789 Group Work n n

Enlightenment & Revolution 1550 - 1789

Group Work n n n Once you are in groups – please work quietly but efficiently. Together, make a list of the TOP 5 Most Important advancements made in the Medical Science Field over the past 30 years. Then make a list of the TOP 5 Most Important Discoveries made in Outer Space in the past 30 years.

Scientific Revolution n Roots of Modern Science n n Truth came from the Bible or the Greeks and Romans Medieval View n Moon, Sun, & Planets moved circular paths around earth. n n n Known as the geocentric theory Belief that God planned for earth as center of the universe A New Way of Thinking n 1500 s begins the scientific revolution n Change in science, mathematic, and astronomy

Revolutionary Model of the Universe n Nicolas Copernicus believed in the heliocentric theory n n Went against the geocentric theory Did not release his theory until he was on his death bed n n Johannes Kepler n n Revolution of Heavenly Bodies Helped develop theory that planets traveled in elliptical motion Galileo Galilei n n n Discovered the law of the pendulum (1581) Discovered falling objects fall at a predictable rate Built his own telescope (1609) n n n Observed Jupiter’s four moons Observed rough surface on the moon & proved Copernicus theory Punished by the church, lived in house arrest (1633 – 1642)

Scientific Method n Logical theory for gathering and testing ideas n n n Find a problem Create a hypothesis Test hypothesis in experiments Analyze and interpret the data Conclusion Francis Bacon n Belief of using experiments…not just theory

Isaac Newton n n English Scientist Developed theory of motion n n Force ruled the motion of planets Every object attracts every object

Spread of Scientific Revolution n Scientific Instrument n First microscope in 1590 n n Mercury Barometer 1643 n n n Used microscope to study bacteria on teeth Measured atmospheric pressure and predicts weather Mercury Thermometer 1714 Medicine n n n 1543 First human bodies dissected 1628 Study of heart and lungs 1700 s Smallpox vaccine invented

Spread of Scientific Revolution n Discoveries in Chemistry n Robert Boyle 1661 n Believed physical world built of small particles joined together in different ways n n Disputed early belief of only four elements n Earth n Air n Fire n Water 1779 Discovery of pure oxygen

Philosophers of the Enlightenment What is Philosophy?

Philosophy n n n Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty

Enlightened Europe n The age of reason n Reached height in the mid 1700 s n Looked at laws governing human behavior n n Government, Religion, Economics, Education Led to progress, secular outlook, and importance of the individual

Thomas Hobbes n n Social Contract called Leviathan Convinced all humans were naturally selfish and wicked Without government to keep order, “war of every man against every man” Give up rights to the ruler to escape bleak life n Gain law and order (not the T. V. show) in exchange

Hobbes (cont) n Social Contract Agreement by which people create government n n n Ruler needs total power to keep people under control Best government would have the awesome power of the leviathan (Sea Monster) Example: Absolute Monarch

John Locke n n Believed people could learn from experience & improve themselves People have the ability to govern themselves n n Criticized absolute monarchs All people born free and equal with 3 natural rights n n n Life Liberty Property

John Locke n The purpose of government is to protect natural rights n n If government fails…People have the right to overthrow the government Two Treatises on Government helped overthrow James II

Philosophers of the Enlightenment Continued

Voltaire n Published 70 Books n n n Used satire against his opponents Targeted the clergy, aristocrats, & government Wrote about freedom of religion & speech n Humanities Worst Enemy Intolerance n Prejudice n Superstition n n Supported freedom of speech & religion

Baron de Montesquieu n n Studied Political Liberty Studied Ancient Rome n n Believed in three branches of government n n Concluded Rome collapsed due to loss of political liberties Executive King Legislative Parliament Judicial English Court Promoted Checks & Balances

Jean Jacques Rousseau n n n Passionate to Individual Freedom Reason, Science, Art would improve life of people Civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness n n n Born free & moved to bondage Believed in a Direct Democracy Wrote the Social Contract

Cesare Beccaria n n Laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes Against abuse of justice n n n Not torture of witnesses, suspects Irregular trial proceedings Arbitrary punishments Abolish Capital Punishment should fit crime

Spread of Ideas & The American Revolution Causes

Spread of Ideas (Quick Review) n Encyclopedias (1751) n n Denis Diderot Scholarly Articles Circulate new ideas Literature n n n Baroque period Grand, ornate style Neoclassical New classical Novels developed

Enlightenment (cont) n Monarchy n n Rulers respect people’s rights Ruled justly Became known as enlightened despots Relationship between ruler & state n Old Idea n n State & Citizens exist to serve the monarch (Louis XIV) New Idea n Monarch exists to serve the state and support the citizens’ welfare

American Revolution n Britain & Its American Colonies n n King George III ruler in 1760 Growing colonies 250, 000 in 1700 n 2, 150, 000 in 1770 n n 8 fold increase Supported England’s Economy Colonists settled for 150 years n n n 13 colonies with separate governments Ruled by Britain Mercantilist economy

American Revolution Causes n French & Indian War (1763) n n n French & Indians vs. Britain & Colonies War caused tighter trade laws Mercantilist economics n n French & Indian War caused huge debt for Britain American colonies benefited Expected to pay war costs n n Parliament passes the Stamp Act (1765) Pay tax to have official stamp put on wills, deeds, newspapers, and other printed materials Colonists believed act was against natural rights & was taxation without representation Boycott led to repeal of Stamp act in 1766

Causes (cont) n Boston Tea Party (1773) n n Tax on imported tea Samuel Adams led raid against 3 British Ships Dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor British troops closed the ports and occupied the city

American Revolution Course & Consequence

American Revolution Course n September 1774 n n Representative gather from every colony except Georgia First Continental Congress Held in Philadelphia Formally protested King George III n n Complaints Ignored Second Continental Congress held with all colonies

Course (cont) n n n April 19, 1775 British soldiers & American militiamen trade gun fire in Lexington, MA Fight spread to Concord n n n Second Continental Congress voted to raise an army George Washington voted as Leader American Revolution had begun

American Revolution Consequence n n Second Continental Congress Issued Declaration of Independence (July 1776) Written by Thomas Jefferson n Based on the ideas of John Locke Citizens had natural rights Listed abuses by the king

Consequence (cont) n Reason for Success n n Motivated fighters Overconfident British made mistakes Americans were at home France entered war in 1778 n n n Under King Louis XVI 9, 500 Americans & 7, 800 French trapped Britain near Yorktown, VA 1781 Cornwallis surrendered

Creating a Republic

America’s Republic n National Government Needed n n 1781 all 13 states ratified the 1 st constitution n Colonists wanted a weak national government Known as the Articles of Confederation Made America a republic Creation of Weak National Government n n States held all the powers No executive or judiciary

America’s Republic n Creation of Congress (Under the 1 st Constitution) n n n Helped keep states organized 9 of 13 states had to vote to pass laws Congressional Rights n n n Coin Money Declare Treaties Declare War Not extremely effective Debts Caused Problems n n n Farmers were owed money Daniel Shay demanded repayment Shay’s Rebellion was crushed n Called for taxes on states

New Constitution n Need for Strong National Government n n Shown by Shay’s Rebellion February 1787 Congress approved Constitution Convention to discuss Articles n May 25, 1787 First Session n n 55 Delegates Utilized theories of Locke, Montesquieu, & Rousseau

Creation of Federal System n 3 Branches n Executive n n Legislative n n n Ensures laws are in line with the constitution Checks & Balances Sharing Powers n n Creates laws Judicial n n Enforces laws Reserved (States) Delegated (States to National) Concurrent (States & National) September 17, 1787 Congress Passes Constitution & Bill of Rights n Bill of Rights 10 Amendments

n The Colonies have won the American Revolution!!! Yay. n Now what? n What are the first things that need to be done? n List as many things that you can What are the responsibilities of the nation? n What are the responsibilities of the states? n