The French Revolution July 14 1789 August 10

The French Revolution July 14, 1789 – August 10, 1792 Amanda Zhao Period 5

Timeline of France Fall of Bastille -> Storming of Tuileries

The Bastille • July 14, 1789 • Parisian crowds overtake old feudal fortress – the Bastille – for weapons and ammunition • Massacre soldiers (governor – de Launay – • Dismissal of Necker on Julyroyal 11 head displayed on pike) and replace officials Paris with revolutionary municipality • Fear ofofcounterrevolution • Organize citizens’ militia …leads to… • Saved National Assembly and example of popular support of French Revolution • July 17: Louis XVI dons tricolor ribbon

The “Great Fear” • Movement of fear and suspicion • Little subsistence, economic advancement, towards nobles andlimited anti-patriotic threats and church dues place stress on seigneurial • Rumor that “brigands” in pay of peasants nobles come to villages to destroy harveststhat -> force • Now suspicion nobles hoarding grain to hamper peasants into submission revolutionary cause -> peasant insurgency …contribute to… • Caused: Greater hatred and suspicion of peasants towards nobles, prompted armed mobilizations in villages, new attacks on manor houses

August 4 Decree • Night of August 4, particular deputies of the nobility and clergy give up past privileges • Led to: – Decree of the French National Assembly Abolishing the Feudal System (1789) – Abolishment of church tithe, sale of royal offices, tax and social privileges (ex. hunting rights) • Allowed construction of new regime

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) • Indicated intentions of new constitution • Affirmed individual liberties and natural rights – Ex. freedom of expression, religious conscience “The aim of every political association is the preservation natural…rights • But, introduced obedienceoftothe legitimate law of man. These rights are liberty, property, • Outlined representation and the toseparation security and resistance oppression”of (The Declaration of the Rights of Man and powers Citizen). • Principles based on reason, rather than tradition (liberal)

Opinions on the French Revolution • Edmund Burke – Reflections on the Revolution in France Edmund Burke – Conservative view; government should be based on traditional, well-tested institutions • Mary Wollstonecraft – A Vindication of the Rights of Man (arguing against Burke; supporting republicanism) – A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (argues for Mary Wollstonecraft more female equality) • Thomas Paine – The Rights of Man (1792) – refutes Burke Thomas Paine

The New Constitution • Created a limited monarchy with clear separation of powers – Sovereignty in the people – Single-house legislature (elected through indirect voting) – King had limited power; can choose ministers but can only use delaying veto on legislation • Equal civil rights and transfer of power from the privileged to the propertied citizens – Ex. 1790: nobles lose titles • Tax-paying males can vote, excluded women

Political Culture • Revolution generated new political culture in French population: – Great number of uncensored newspapers (ex. The People’s Friend) – Political clubs (ex. Jacobin Club) – Public ceremonies: planting “trees of liberty, ” celebrating anniversary of Bastille in Festival of Federation

The Debate Over Women’s Rights • Revolution brought women’s political rights into debate Nevertheless, the revolution promoted greater female rights in: (ex. pamphlets, petitions for women suffrage, education) • Advocators: • Political involvement political clubs; ofwriting political – Olympe de Gouges: through “Declaration of the Rights Women” (1791) pamphlets – Marquis de Condorcet: Published newspaper article advocating for woman political rights (July 1790), women rights proponents form Cercle Social (social circle) • 1789 -1794: curbed paternal powers over children, “Woman born freelegislation and lives equal to man her rights” – is. Etta Palm d'Aelders: argued forinequal rights in education and (Declaration ofage the Rights of Woman) lowering of majority, more equal property rights, both marriage spouses have right to divorce, daughters able to inherit • But opposed: Olympe de Gouges property – Notion of gender difference popularized by Rousseau (ex. Emile) – Belief feminine wiles will negatively influence public policy – Women should have maternal roles in the domestic sphere

Women in the Revolution • October 1789: – Parisian women led large demonstration to Versailles, marching twelve miles from Paris in rain – Forced king and queen to return to Paris – Result of concerns over food scarcities, anti-aristocratic views prompted by revolution, rumors of royals trampling revolutionary tricolor (counterrevolution) • Also participated in political writings, clubs (ex. Paris Jacobin Club), societies, gatherings – Example of women society: Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, established May 1793 in Paris

Race and Slavery • Debate on which groups are entitled to “the rights of man” – Ex. Eastern France’s Jews, free Mulattoes and Negroes in France’s Caribbean colonies • Assembly extended equality to Jews, but hesitated for Negroes and Mulattoes when white planters argued against equality – Argument: Limited liberties of colored people = maintenance of slavery – Led to mulattoes rebelling and later, slave rebellion under Toussaint-L’Ouverture – Formed independent colony of Haiti – (In 1794, French government abolished slavery in all French colonies)

Reorganization of France • Assembly reorganized France’s territory into eighty-three departments: same size and institutions • Further divided into districts, cantons, and communes • Promoted local autonomy (local elections) – But local govt. still subordinate to national Paris legislature – Local govt. – promote national integration and uniformity • New judicial system: – Replace old regime’s parlements and law courts with a justice of the peace per canton, civil courts, criminal courts, elected tribunal judges – Criminal defendants gain right to counsel –French Wanted to make. Departments administration of justice faster and more Revolution accessible

Economic Reforms • Removed internal tariffs and chartered trading monopolies – Laissez-faire ideology • Abolished merchants’ and artisans’ guilds; allowed right of citizens to enter any trade • No more government regulation • Individual freedom to cultivate fields for peasants and landlords in countryside – > Greater economic individualism

The Revolution and the Church • Removed independence of church from state: – Nationalized Church property (about 10% of land in France) – “National lands” were then used to back paper notes called assignats – Caused: purchasers of land have interest in the revolution, assignats become national currency after war with Austria and Prussia begin -> severe inflation) • Attempt to remove the privileges of the Church • Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) – Caused tear of clergy between the Pope or the National Assembly – Result in schism of French Catholicism; polarized nation – Link revolution with impiety and Church with counterrevolution

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) • Reduced number of bishops from 130 to 83 • Reshaped diocesan boundaries to match new departments • Bishops and parish priests were to be elected and be paid as specified by a uniform salary scale • Must take oath of loyalty to constitution – Clergy believed selection of bishops and priests belonged with the Pope or a Nation Church Council, however • November 1790: Assembly demanded all clergy take loyalty oath; or will lose positions – Seven bishops and 54% of parish clergy took oath -> division of French Catholics

The King Flees • After July 14, multiple king’s relatives, nobles, royal army’s officer corps leave country (Émigrés) • June 1791: King Louis XVI and family flee from Paris – Want to cross Belgian frontier into Austria for help – Stopped at village of Varennes and returned to Paris • King’s flight angered public – King would abandon his people XVI – Journalist Jean-Paul Marat. Louis criticizes treachery of king (ex. in newspaper The People’s Friend)

Start of War • Legislative Assembly convened on October 1, 1791; wanting war – Royalists: discredit new regime and restore monarchy – Jacobins: stop foreign supporters of Émigrés and domestic counterrevolutionaries • Francis II ascend Habsburg throne March 1792; wants war with France • 1792: France war with coalition between Austria, Prussia, and the Émigrés • France is soon invaded – Louis XVI vetoes Assembly’s order for arrest of refractory clergy and additional guardsmen to protect Paris – Legislature calls for one hundred thousand volunteers for French army

End of the Old Regime • As Prussian forces near Paris, commander – Duke of Brunswick – threatens city if it resisted or injured royal family – Made Louis XVI seem in alliance with enemy – Parisian militants cause an insurrection… • August 10, 1792: Armed Parisians storm royal palace at the Tuileries – King taken off throne – Old regime destroyed

Beginning to End • Fall of the Bastille adds popular dimension to French Revolution – > Various reforms in France (ex. Declaration of the Rights of Man) – > Debates on rights of man and women • Led to…. – > Austrian and Prussian coalition vs. France – > Fall of monarchy, death of old regime

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