W W Norton Company Our Origins Discovering Physical

Chapter 3 Clark Spencer Larsen Our Origins DISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Chapter 3 Genetics: Reproducing

The Cell Two types of organisms – – Prokaryote (one cell) Eukaryote (many cells)

The Cell Two types of cells – – Somatic (body) cells Gamete (reproductive) cells

Figure 3. 3 f Somatic Cells—Skin Cells Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright ©

Figure 3. 4 a Gametes—Human Male Sex Cells Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright

The DNA Molecule Nuclear DNA – – – Contained within the nucleus of a

Figure 3. 5 a Chromosomes Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.

The DNA Molecule Mitochondrial DNA – – Contained in organelles in cell’s cytoplasm Inherited

The DNA Molecule DNA: the blueprint of life – – Chemical template for every

Replicating the Code One function of the DNA molecule is replication – – Part

Figure 3. 12 a The Human Karyotype Consists of 46 Chromosomes of Various Sizes

Replicating the Code Autosomes (nonsex chromosomes) Sex chromosomes – – – X, Y Females

Mitosis: Production of Identical Somatic Cells DNA replication followed by one cell division Diploid

Figure 3. 14 a The Steps of Mitosis in Humans Our Origins, 2 nd

Meiosis: Production of Gametes One DNA replication followed by two cell divisions Gametes are

Figure 3. 15 Meiosis Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W.

Producing Proteins are chemicals that make up tissues Also regulate functions, repair, and growth

Producing Proteins Structural proteins responsible for physical characteristics Regulatory proteins responsible for functions: enzymes,

Producing Proteins DNA in protein synthesis is coding DNA. Most of human DNA is

Genes: Structural and Regulatory Structural genes are responsible for body structures. Regulatory genes turn

Figure 3. 21 Homeotic (Hox) Genes Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011

Polymorphisms Each gene has a specific physical location (locus). Loci are valuable to understanding

Polymorphisms Some genes have one allele, while others have more – Mendel’s Law of

Figure 3. 23 Law of Segregation Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011

Polymorphisms Genotypes and phenotypes: genes and their physical expression – – Chemically identical alleles

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Much of genetics is based on the “one gene, one

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy For some traits, only some of the genetic variation can

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Measurement of heritability is complicated by pleiotropy, or a single

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions Human and chimpanzee DNA is about _____ similar. a) 100%

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions If one side of the DNA ladder includes the sequence

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions The human karyotype consists of ______ pairs of chromosomes. a)

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions Blocks of genetic material that do not recombine and are

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions Regulatory or functional proteins include: a) lactase. b) testosterone. c)

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions In protein synthesis, ______ refers to “unzipping” the DNA and

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions Prokaryotes have multiple cells while eukaryotes have one. a) True

Chapter Opener Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton &

Figure 3. 1 Cells and Their Organelles Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright ©

Figure 3. 2 a Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright ©

Figure 3. 2 b A Bacteria that Aids Digestion in the Intestines of Mammals,

Figure 3. 2 c The Eukaryotic Cells of a Primate’s Kidney Our Origins, 2

Figure 3. 3 a Somatic Cells—A Heart Muscle Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright

Figure 3. 3 b Somatic Cells—Brain Tissue Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright ©

Figure 3. 3 c Somatic Cells—Motor Neurons (Nerve Cells) Our Origins, 2 nd Edition

Figure 3. 3 d Somatic Cells—Red Blood Cells (the Larger Cells Are White Blood

Figure 3. 3 e Somatic Cells—Osteocyte (Bone Cell) Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright

Figure 3. 4 b Gametes—A Human Female Sex Cell Our Origins, 2 nd Edition

Figure 3. 4 c Gametes—Ovum Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.

Figure 3. 5 b Number of Chromosomes Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright ©

Figure 3. 6 Nuclear DNA Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.

Figure 3. 7 Mitochondrion Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W.

Figure 3. 8 The Structure of DNA Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright ©

Figure 3. 9 Nucleotide Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W.

Figure 3. 10 The Steps of DNA Replication Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright

Human Chromosome 3 Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton

Normal Bone, on the Left, and Osteoporotic Bone, on the Right Our Origins, 2

DNA from 4, 000 -Year-Old Human Hair Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright ©

Figure 3. 11 Chromosome Pairs Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.

Figure 3. 12 b In this Karyotype, the Pair Labeled “XY” Belong to a

Figure 3. 13 Embryonic Development Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.

Figure 3. 14 b A Human Skin Cell Undergoing Mitosis, Dividing into Two New

The Skeletons of Native Americans Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.

Figure 3. 16 a The Law of Independent Assortment, Asserts Our Origins, 2 nd

Figure 3. 16 b Hair Color, for Example, Is Inherited Independently from Eye Color

Figure 3. 17 Linkage Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W.

Figure 3. 18 a Structural Proteins—Keratin Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011

Figure 3. 18 b Structural Proteins-Collagen Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011

Figure 3. 19 a Protein Synthesis Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011

Figure 3. 19 b Protein Synthesis Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011

Figure 3. 20 a The Hand on the Right Shows Normal Finger Growth. The

Figure 3. 20 b Marfan Syndrome Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011

Figure 3. 22 a Antibody–Antigen System Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011

Figure 3. 22 b Antibody–Antigen System Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright © 2011

Figure 3. 24 Polygenic Traits and Pleiotropic Genes Our Origins, 2 nd Edition Copyright

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W. W. Norton & Company Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition by Clark Spencer Larsen

The Cell Two types of organisms – – Prokaryote (one cell) Eukaryote (many cells)

The Cell Two types of cells – – Somatic (body) cells Gamete (reproductive) cells

The DNA Molecule Nuclear DNA – – – Contained within the nucleus of a cell Makes up chromosomes Complete set called genome

The DNA Molecule Mitochondrial DNA – – Contained in organelles in cell’s cytoplasm Inherited from the mother

The DNA Molecule DNA: the blueprint of life – – Chemical template for every aspect of organisms Double helix, ladderlike structure • • Ladder forms nucleotide Ladder base made up of four types – – Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine Complementary pairs (A&T, C&G)

Replicating the Code One function of the DNA molecule is replication – – Part of cell division—meiosis or mitosis DNA makes identical copies of itself Chromosome Types – Occur in homologous (matching) pairs • One in each pair from each parent

Replicating the Code Autosomes (nonsex chromosomes) Sex chromosomes – – – X, Y Females carry only X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome The father determines the sex of the offspring

Mitosis: Production of Identical Somatic Cells DNA replication followed by one cell division Diploid cell (contains full set of chromosomes)

Meiosis: Production of Gametes One DNA replication followed by two cell divisions Gametes are haploid (half the number of chromosomes) Does not result in identical cell copies Errors can occur during meiosis – Nondisjunction, translocation

Producing Proteins are chemicals that make up tissues Also regulate functions, repair, and growth of tissues Proteins are made up of amino acids – Twenty different types

Producing Proteins Structural proteins responsible for physical characteristics Regulatory proteins responsible for functions: enzymes, hormones, antibodies Protein synthesis involves two steps. – – Transcription (unzipping, template for RNA) Translation (template attaches to ribosomes)

Producing Proteins DNA in protein synthesis is coding DNA. Most of human DNA is noncoding.

Genes: Structural and Regulatory Structural genes are responsible for body structures. Regulatory genes turn other genes on and off. – – Homeotic (Hox) genes Master genes

Polymorphisms Each gene has a specific physical location (locus). Loci are valuable to understanding genetic variation. Alleles on different loci are chemically alternative versions of the same gene.

Polymorphisms Some genes have one allele, while others have more – Mendel’s Law of Segregation: a parent passes one allele to offspring Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) – Make up variation between and within human populations

Polymorphisms Genotypes and phenotypes: genes and their physical expression – – Chemically identical alleles are termed homozygous. Chemically different alleles are heterozygous. • • Dominant allele is expressed in the pair. For a recessive allele to be expressed, there must be two copies.

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Much of genetics is based on the “one gene, one protein” model. However, many traits are polygenic and are determined by genes at more than one locus.

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy For some traits, only some of the genetic variation can be calculated (heritability). – – Heritability ranges from 0 (none of the variation is genetic) to 1 (all of the variation is genetic). Only heritable traits respond to natural selection.

Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Measurement of heritability is complicated by pleiotropy, or a single allele having multiple effects. – Most complex traits are both pleiotropic and polygenic.

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions Human and chimpanzee DNA is about _____ similar. a) 100% b) 98% c) 90% d) 75%

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions If one side of the DNA ladder includes the sequence CTAATGT, the complementary base configuration for this sequence will be: a) GCAACGC. b) AGCCGTG. c) TAATGTC. d) GATTACA.

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions The human karyotype consists of ______ pairs of chromosomes. a) 23 b) 46 c) 48 d) 24

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions Blocks of genetic material that do not recombine and are passed on for generations are called: a) phenotypes. b) genotypes. c) karyotypes. d) haplotypes.

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions Regulatory or functional proteins include: a) lactase. b) testosterone. c) antibodies. d) All of the above

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions In protein synthesis, ______ refers to “unzipping” the DNA and ______ refers to the formation of polypeptide chains. a) division; replication b) transcription; translation c) meiosis; mitosis d) translocation; nondisjunction

Chapter 3: Clicker Questions Prokaryotes have multiple cells while eukaryotes have one. a) True b) False

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