CONSCIOUSNESS AWARENESS OF OURSELVES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT What
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CONSCIOUSNESS AWARENESS OF OURSELVES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT What variations in consciousness exist in human beings?
DUAL PROCESSING • Mental processes operating at two levels – a conscious one and an unconscious one • Any examples of how we may be unaware of our true thoughts, feelings, and actions? • Unconscious parallel processing • Serial conscious processing
WHAT ABOUT MULTITASKING? • How good are we at multi-tasking? • Listening to music while working? • Texting and driving? • Any other common examples?
SELECTIVE ATTENTION • The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus • Why is selective attention necessary? • Broadbendt Study • Can we ever “cheat” selective attention? • Disassociation • Cocktail party effect
STUDYING CONSCIOUSNESS
STUDYING CONSCIOUSNESS
INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS • Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere • How do we explain change blindness? • The “Pop-out phenomenon”
SO… WHY STUDY CONSCIOUSNESS? • Our consciousness is always changing for various reasons • How and why does conscious vary? • Biological rhythms • Sleep and dreams • Hypnosis • Meditation • Drugs
SLEEP: A TRUE/FALSE QUIZ • When people dream, their limbs act out in concert with their dream • Humans are the only living creatures that dream • Some people rarely have dreams • If you die in your dream, you die in real life • It is not safe to wake someone up while they are sleepwalking
Sleep
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS • Types of cycles/rhythms • Circadian Rhythm – 24 -hour cycles of varying alertness (sleep), body temperature, and growth • Disruptions? • What about naps? • Ninety-minute sleep cycles • What is the role of melatonin in sleep?
SLEEP: A STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS • Sleep and wakefulness influenced by our circadian rhythms • Considerable mental and physical activity throughout the night
THE STAGES OF SLEEP § Stages 1 -4 = Non-REM Sleep (NREM) § Stages 1 -2: Early light sleep; theta waves. • A person daydreaming also shows theta activity. • Hypnic jerks and sleep spindles • Lasts 10 -30 minutes § Stages 3 -4: Deep sleep starts • heart rate & blood pressure decline • some non-vivid dreams • Roughly 30 minutes
THE STAGES OF SLEEP • Stage 5: REM Sleep Rapid eye movement, occurs during dreaming • Characteristics • occurs every 90 minutes (on avg) in humans • increases in length as night progresses • paralyzed body • lucid dreams
• What time should I wake up? ? ?
SLEEP DEPRIVATION • What is the purpose of sleep? • Recuperation, remembering, growing • What happens if we don’t sleep? • • • Fatigue Impaired concentration. Emotional irritability. Depressed immune system. Hallucinations and paranoia • 60 Minutes
SLEEP DEPRIVATION • Study on college students (Pilcher & Walters, 1997) • Participants complete cognitive test after either 8 hours of sleep or 24 hour sleep deprivation • All subjects asked to rate their effort, concentration, and estimated performance on the task Results: although sleep deprived subjects performed worse on the task, they rated their effort, concentration, and performance higher than the sleep group!
WHY DO WE SLEEP?
SLEEP DISORDERS • Narcolepsy – disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods • wakefulness to REM sleep for about 10 -20 minutes • cause unknown
SLEEP DISORDERS • Insomnia: • difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep and persistent early-morning wakening • Prevalence: • 15% adults report severe insomnia • 15% adults report mild/occasional • Increases with age “Sleep-state-misperception”: • 5% insomniacs show sound sleep patterns
INSOMNIA (CONTINUED) • Causes of Insomnia: • • • Anxiety Tension Stress Depression drugs (cocaine) Treatments: • Sedative pills • Problems: overdose, dependency, de-sensitization, carry-over effects • Sleep restrictions
SLEEP DISORDERS (CONTINUED) • Somnambulism (Sleep Walking) person arises and wanders while asleep • tends to occur in first 2 hours of sleep • causes unknown • Not related to emotional or psychological problems • Occurs mostly in children, peak at 11 -12 yrs • It IS safe to awaken people gently from sleepwalking
SLEEP DISORDERS • Sleep apnea – frequent, temporary halt of breathing for 15 -60 seconds while sleeping • prevalent in 5% men 40 -60 yrs old • CNS ceases to function, causing diaphragm to stop moving or loss of muscle tone in tongue and throat
SLEEP DISORDERS (CONTINUED) • Nightmares – anxiety-arousing dreams, lead to awakening from REM sleep • • correlation between stress and nightmares prevalent in 10% adults persistent nightmares in children may reflect emotional disturbance • Night terrors – abrupt awakenings from Non. REM sleep accompanied by intense arousal and panic - most common in children 3 -8 - not indicative of emotional disturbance
OTHER SLEEP DISORDERS • Sleep apnea • Parasomnia • Sleepwalking (somnambulism) • Night terrors • REM Motor Disorder • Restless leg syndrome • Nightmares
DREAM THEORY • What is the importance of dreams? What meaning, if any, do you attach to dreams? • Read qualitative recaps of dreams provided • Are these dreams more than the “nonsensical noise of a restless brain stem” as one researcher described them?
• Ed was 57 when his wife Mary died of cancer after 32 years of marriage. When he dreamed about her shortly after her death in June of 1980, he experienced it as a precious moment of being with her, and wrote it down. Two months later, he dreamed about her again, and wrote that one down too. Soon he found himself writing down every dream in which she appeared. In the first 22 years after her death, he wrote down 143 dreams -- as few as two in one year, as many as 14 in another. The dreams have much in common with other dreams of deceased loved ones. In a few early dreams she comes back to life or provides him with reassurance that she is doing well. Many dreams are about the time of her final illness, but others are about their earlier life together, providing a portrait of a marriage. • Bea's vivid dream reports from age 14 to 16 provide one of the longest and most detailed dream journals we have from a young teenager. • Jasmine is a young woman who recorded hundreds of her dreams from age 14 to 27. In addition to the young age at which Jasmine started keeping a dream journal, there is another unique feature to this series: the
WHY DO WE DREAM? 1. Wish Fulfillment: Freud suggested the dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest (actual) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings. 2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix day’s experiences in our memories.
WHY DO WE DREAM? 3. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that in the brain engages in a lot of neural activity that is random. Dreams make sense of this activity. All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When deprived of REM sleep, and then allowed to sleep, we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.
WHAT DO WE DREAM? 1. Negative Emotional Content: Eight out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. 2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected or struck with misfortune. 3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
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Variations in Consciousness Hypnosis
History of Hypnosis Franz Anton Mesmer (18 th century) James Braid and James Esdaile (19 th century) Milton Erickson (20 th century)
Hypnosis § Social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Components of Hypnosis 1. 2. 3. Hypnotic Induction Posthypnotic Suggestion Posthypnotic Amnesia
Explaining Hypnosis § How can we rationally or logically explain hypnosis?
Clinical/Therapeutic Uses of Hypnosis Anesthesia Acute and Chronic Pain § Phobias § PTSD and anxiety § § Depression Eating Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder § Smoking § § § 42
Is Hypnosis Really an Altered State of Consciousness? § Divided Consciousness Theory: hypnosis creates a dissociation in consciousness (Ernest Hillgard) – Dissociation: § “Altered consciousness” communicates with the hypnotist and external world § A “hidden observer” is what the subject is aware of § Social influence theory
REST
TIRED
DREAM
AWAKE
SNORE
BED
EAT
SLUMBER
SOUND
COMFORT
WAKE
NIGHT
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Déjà vu § Fr: “already seen” § The illusion of having already experienced something actually being experienced for the first time § Reported by 70% of the population
Why Does Déjà vu Occur? § “Memories gone wrong? ” – reminder of similar stimuli from our past – Sensory information going directly to LTM, THEN to STM – fragments of encoded memories § Reminder of unconscious fantasy? § Misfiring in the temporal lobe?
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