Respiratory System Chapter 19 Functions Exchange of gases
- Slides: 40
Respiratory System Chapter 19
Functions • Exchange of gases- O 2 in, CO 2 out • Regulation of p. H- retain or excrete CO 2 • Protect from inhaled pathogens/substances • Vocalization
Structure of the respiratory system • Assists in ventilation- inspiration/expiration • Muscles of thorax and abdomen • Upper/lower respiratory tract • Alveoli
Muscles • Creates the force to move air during breathing • Diaphragm- responsible for 45% of air that enters into the lungs
Upper respiratory system • Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
Lower respiratory system • Trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs • Bronchi, bronchioles, supported by cartilage rings
Lower respiratory system • Trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs • Lungs- spongy tissue, occupied by alveoli • Two lungs, surrounded by double walled pleural sac
Upper and parts of lower- functions • Warming air- maintain core body temp • Adding water vapor- epithelium doesn’t dry out • Filter out particles- foreign material doesn’t get to alveoli, mucus
Filtering out particles • Need two parts- water and mucus • Mucus is secreted by goblet cells
Alveoli • Hollow sacs, site of gas exchange • Surrounded by capillaries • 100 m 2
Ventilation • Bulk flow of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli • One respiratory cycle = inspiration followed by expiration (12 -20 per minute)
Properties of gases • Move down concentration gradient (higher to lower concentration) • Boyle’s law:
Air flow during ventilation • Due to pressure gradients – Must decrease pressure in lungs (air moves from high to lower pressure)
Involves: - contraction of diaphragm draws lungs down - -muscles contract and pull ribs up and out
Adequate ventilation • Requires compliance and elastance • Compliance- amount of force exerted to expand lungs, ability to stretch (high compliance = less force to stretch) • Elastance- resistance to being deformed
Compliance and elastance • If either are compromised, it affects air flow • Decrease in elastance- elastin fibers
Emphysema • Destroys elastin • Compliance? Elastance?
Compliance and elastance • If either are compromised, it affects air flow • Decrease in compliance • More work to stretch a stiff lung • Restrictive lung diseases
Pulmonary fibrosis • Decrease in compliance • Macrophages ingest particles, cannot be digested • Macrophages stimulate production of inelastic collagen (out of control wound healing) • Scarring of lung tissue, irreversible
It’s not just elastin the resists stretch… • Surface tension! • Alveoli have thin fluid layer between cells and air, creates surface tension which resists stretch
Adequate ventilation • Also determined by other factors: – Length of tubes – Viscosity – Diameter of tubes
Adequate ventilation • Length is constant • Viscosity
Adequate ventilation • Diameter of tubes
Measuring ventilation • Assess pulmonary function • Spirometer- volume of air moved per breath
Measuring ventilation • Four volumes – Tidal volume (quiet breathing) – Inspiratory reserve volume (forced inspiration) – Expiratory reserve volume (forced expiration) – Residual volume (air that doesn’t escape, can’t measure)
Dead space • Doesn’t take part in gas exchange
Gas Exchange and Transport
How does oxygen enter the bloodstream (and CO 2 leave)?
Concentration gradients • Gases diffuse down concentration gradients
Concentration gradients • • Gases diffuse down concentration gradients From air to water, depends on solubility too Oxygen isn’t very soluble At equilibrium, same partial pressure, concentration differs
Oxygen needs some help because of low solubility
Carbon dioxide does a bit better • More soluble in water • But, body produces more than can be dissolved in plasma • Can bind to hemoglobin too, released at lungs
CO 2 obeys same laws as O 2
Why remove CO 2? • Elevated CO 2 causes p. H disturbance (acidosis) • Can depress CNS function • Toxic to the body, so must be removed
What happens at the interface of the capillaries and the cells? • Same thing as the lungs
Chemoreceptors in arterial system monitor CO 2, and p. H levels
Non-respiratory air movements • Movement of air for something other than breathing • Clear air passages (cough/sneeze) • Vocalization and express emotion (laughing/crying)
- Respiratory zone vs conducting zone
- Digestive system respiratory system and circulatory system
- Diffusion of gases across respiratory membranes:
- Upper respiratory system
- Gas exchange lungs
- In earthworm
- Picture description exercise
- How respiratory system work with circulatory system
- Circulatory system and respiratory system work together
- Pharyngorrhea
- Respiratory tree divisions
- 22
- Chapter 15 lesson 2 the respiratory system
- Chapter 7 the respiratory system labeling exercises
- Chapter 34 section 2 the respiratory system
- Chapter 13 respiratory system
- Alveolar duct
- Chapter 17 respiratory system workbook answers
- Determination of exchange rate
- Voluntary exchange
- Gas exchange key events in gas exchange
- Kinds of foreign exchange market
- Chapter 11 review gases section 1
- Chapter 11 review gases section 1
- Chapter 14 the behavior of gases worksheet answer key
- Chapter 14 the behavior of gases
- Section 13.2 the combined gas law and avogadro's principle
- Chapter 14 solids liquids and gases worksheet answers
- Kinetic molecular theory of liquids and solids
- Bozeman respiratory system
- Unit 9 respiratory system
- Diagnostic test of respiratory system
- What is the respiratory system
- Membranes of larynx
- Respiratory system coloring page
- Respiratory system purpose
- Conclusion of the respiratory system
- The energy-releasing process that is fueled by oxygen
- Interesting facts about respiratory system
- Imagine
- What is the major function of the respiratory system