THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Presented by Joe Kern Joe

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Presented by Joe Kern & Joe Earich

Objectives: � Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system. � Explain how the delicate respiratory exchange surfaces are protected from pathogens, debris and other hazards. � Have a better understanding for the respiratory system as a whole.

Preview: The respiratory system is a big system with many unique features that work together to supply the body with much needed oxygen while removing harmful carbon dioxide at the same time

Functions of the Respiratory System: � 1. Providing extensive surface area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood. � 2. Move air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs along respiratory passages.

Functions cont… � 3. Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes and defending the respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogens. � 4. Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, and other forms of communication.

Functions cont… � 5. Facilitating the detecting of olfactory stimuli by olfactory receptors in the superior portions of the nasal cavity.

Nasal cavity Frontal sinus Nasal conchae Nose Sphenoidal sinus Internal nares UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Tongue Pharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Esophagus Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG Diaphragm

Organizing the Respiratory System: The components of the respiratory system can be divided into two parts: 1. Upper Respiratory System: - Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx etc. 2. Lower Respiratory System: - Larynx, Trachea, bronchi etc.

Upper Respiratory System: The part of the respiratory system that is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the incoming air. Structures of the Upper respiratory system include: � Superior/middle/Inferior Meatus: Narrow grooves in the nasal cavity that aid in dehumidifying the incoming air � Pharynx: Chamber at the top of the throat that is shared by both the esophagus and the Larynx.

Lower Respiratory System: Main portion of the respiratory system other than the nasal and throat organs. The lower respiratory system includes: � Larynx: � Alveoli: Air filled sacs in the lungs where all gas Opening from the that separates the lungs from the throat. Controls sound waves and what air goes in and out. exchanges between air and blood occurs.

The Larynx cont. � At the beginning of the Larynx there is something called the Glottis. � Glottis: The narrow opening at the beginning of the Larynx. � Epiglottis: Above the glottis is the epiglottis, which forms a lid over the glottis preventing foods and liquids from entering the respiratory tract.

The Trachea � The next accessory down is the Trachea, it’s basically the windpipe, a tough and flexible tube with a diameter of 2. 5 cm and a length of 11 cm.

The Lungs: After you reach the Trachea and travel down a bit, the trachea branches and forms the Left and Right Primary Bronchi. In between the two bronchi is a little ridge separating them called the Carina.

The Lungs cont. As you go down past the Bronchi, you will begin to reach the Bronchioles. � Bronchiole: Branches of Bronchi that go off in different directions to cover more surface area of the heart.

Diseases with the Respiratory System: � Emphysema: A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. � Asthma: Process where bronchiolar mucosa gets thrown into a series of folds and limits airflow.

Diseases with the Respiratory System cont… �Bronchitis: Disease where the Bronchi and Bronchioles can become inflamed and constricted causing tension and making it harder to breathe.

Blood and Air Supply to Lungs Blood and air supply to the lungs both rely on the Alveoli. Deoxygenated blood arrives from the heart, gets taken to alveoli where the transfer of gasses is made and then oxygenated blood is shipped to the heart. All of the capillary beds control the blood flow around the lungs.

Respiratory Physiology: � Pulmonary Ventilation: The physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract. This is necessary to maintain good airflow in and out of the Alveoli.

Pressure on the Lungs: The lungs fill and deflate hundreds of times a day, but why? It’s simple, right after you inhale air, a lot of pressure will develop to push the air out of the lungs. This is a process that our bodies repeat hundreds of times a day, every single day of the year.

The Mechanics of Breathing: There are different kinds of muscles that contribute to breathing but the most important is the Diaphragm. � Diaphragm: Separate thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, they increase the depth of the thoracic cavity and they aid in the buildup of pressure in the lungs.

Modes of Breathing: � Quiet Breathing: Normal breathing, takes muscle contractions to inhale but exhaling is passive. � Deep Breathing: Deeper breaths are made, diaphragm contracts to make more room and all air is exhaled passively. � Forced Breathing: Calls on accessory muscled to aid with both inhalation and exhalation.

Respiratory Rates and Volumes: Respiratory Rate: The number of breaths you take each minute, can be determined by counting each on for a minute, or counting for 30 seconds and multiplying by two. � Respiratory Minute Volume: You’re trying to calculate the amount of air moved each minute. You can do that by multiplying the respiratory rate times the tidal volume. Ve(Volume of air moved each minute) = f(Resp. rate) X Vt(Tidal Volume) � Tidal Volume: The amount of air you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle. �

Resp. Rates & Volumes cont. Alveolar Ventilation: Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. Its expressed by Va. To determine that alveolar ventilation, you need to set it up in the following formula: Va = f X (Vt-Vd) � Atomic Dead Space: The volume of air in the conducting passages. Denoted Vd. �

Respiratory Capacity: Resting Tidal Volume: Amount of air you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. Average is about 500 ml in both males and females. � Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Amount of air that you can voluntarily expel after you have completed a normal, quiet respiratory cycle. � Residual Volume: Amount of air that remains in your lungs even after a maximal exhalation, typically 1200 ml in males and 1100 ml in females. � Minimal Volume: Amount of air in lungs if they were allowed to collapse. Around 30 to 120 ml. �

Respiratory Capacity cont. Inspiratory Reserve Volume: Amount of air that you can take in over and above the tidal volume. Average for males is 3300 ml and 1900 ml in females. � Inspiratory Capacity: The amount of air that you can draw into your lungs after you have completed a quiet respiratory cycle. � Functional Residual Capacity: Amount of air remaining in your lungs after you have completed a quiet respiratory cycle. � Total Lung Capacity: Total volume of your lungs calculated by adding the vital capacity and the residual volume. �

Systemic Circuit � This circuit is all about getting oxygen where it needs to go so it can supply the rest of the body with its nutrients. It involves not only the heart, but the lungs bringing in and removing the oxygen.

Aging Respiratory System: � It’s inevitable, even if we don’t smoke a cigarette and stay away from all harmful pollutants, your respiratory system will lose 25% of its functioning capabilities by the time you hit your 70’s. That is far better than if you were to smoke all of your life you would be luck to make it to your 70’s.

Conclusion: � Without the respiratory system, we wouldn’t be able to live, our brain couldn’t function, our heart couldn’t pump blood. We would be dead before we had a chance. Also the respiratory system relies on other systems to make it supply oxygen to the body as efficiently as possible. The respiratory system is one of the most important systems in the body and its hard to realize how much we rely on it when we don’t even realize how often we breathe.

� THE END. . � THANK GOD � YOU ALL WERE GREAT � I HOPE. .