Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 The Protestant Reformation
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 The Protestant Reformation Main Idea Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Section 3 Renaissance and Reformation Catholicism in the 1400 s Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation Dissatisfaction • Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality • People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened • Heavy taxation also caused discontent Financing Basilica Working Off Sins • Pope Leo X approved • Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, sale of indulgences: worked off sins pardons reduced a committed soul’s time in purgatory • Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica • Sale of indulgences widely criticized • Government separate from the church
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 John Wycliffe and Jan Hus
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Question: 1) What conditions led to the Protestant Reformation?
Section 3 Renaissance and Reformation Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation. The Ninety-Five Theses • Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful • In theses (95), said indulgences had no power to remit sin • Criticized power of pope, wealth of church Stimulated Discussion • Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards • Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals • Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by • Theses written in Latin, intended for intellectuals, clergy, laypeople church leaders, not common people • Desire for reform grew
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Luther’s Message • Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate • Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace can’t be won by good works; faith alone needed • 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope Empowered the People • Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible • To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German • Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy
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Section 3 Renaissance and Reformation Reactions to Luther Church’s Response German Diet • 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church • Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms • 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor • Refused to change opinions Charles V Edict of Worms Protestant • Emperor handed down Edict of Worms • 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany • Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings • German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this • Luther’s ideas spread • Term Protestant came from this
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Question: 2) Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day.
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Ulrich Zwingli
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 John Calvin Background • John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther • Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists • Supported reforms of Luther in Germany Influenced by Augustine • Preached doctrine of predestination • God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation • Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end People Sinful by Nature • Geneva became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior • Strictness at heart of Calvinism’s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline • Calvinists making world fit for “elect” who had been chosen for salvation
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 John Knox and Anabaptists
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Question: 3) How did the ideas of reformers who came after Luther differ from those of Luther?
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Protestantism Spreads to England • Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers. • Reformation began with the king in England A King’s Protest • 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 • Devout Catholic wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas Annulment Opposition • By 1525, Henry had only • Catherine, nephew Holy one child, Mary Roman Emperor • Henry wanted male heir, Charles V, also opposed thought female monarch annulment would weaken England • Dilemma became “the king’s great matter” • Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled • Actions won him title • Arguing with Pope, • Pope would not agree to “Defender of the Faith” Henry fell in love with annulment Anne Boleyn
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Section 3 Renaissance and Reformation Catherine of Aragon and Pope Clement VII
Renaissance and Reformation Anne Boleyn Section 3
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 The Reformation Parliament Henry Takes Over • Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope • Henry became head of Church of England • Henry changed rituals of church very little • Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles • This built more public support for split from Catholic Church Act of Supremacy • Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled • Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth • Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England” • Protestantism would go through varying levels of support with Henry’s heirs
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Question: 4) What caused the Reformation to spread to England?
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 “One of the lessons of history is that nothing is often a good thing to do and always a clever thing to say. ” - Will Darant There are two credit cards for every person in the U. S.
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 The Counter-Reformation Main Idea Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church. Their work turned back the tide of Protestantism in some areas and renewed the zeal of Catholics everywhere.
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Reforming the Catholic Church Jesuits Loyola • Before Luther, some Catholics working toward reform - Counter. Reformation • 1534, order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, Basque nobleman, former soldier • Some tried to change church from within - others formed new religious orders whose members worked to reform church • Loyola ran Jesuits like military organization, emphasizing obedience to church above all • Work renewed church’s emphasis on spirituality, service • Most influential of these, the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits • Jesuits concentrated on education as means for combating Protestant Reformation; established missions, schools, universities
Renaissance and Reformation St. Ignatius of Loyola Section 3
Renaissance and Reformation Boston College, Mass. Section 3
Section 3 Renaissance and Reformation Council of Trent Recognizing the need to redefine the doctrines of Catholic faith, Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in 1545. Delegates examined Catholic practices and clarified teaching on important points. Reforms • Delegates addressed abuses • Reforms addressed corruption of clergy • Training of priests regulated Mystery • Rejected Protestants’ emphasis on selfdiscipline, individual faith • Argued church helped • Financial abuses curbed believers achieve salvation using • Sale of indulgences mystery, magnificent abolished ceremonies to inspire faith No Compromise • No compromise between Catholicism, Protestantism • Bold action great boost to Catholicism, renewed energy, confidence • Jesuit schools expanded scope of church worldwide; Renaissance women in religious orders took more active roles
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Mary Ward and St. Teresa of Avila
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 The Inquisition Roman Inquisition • 1542, to counter Reformation, church established church court • Roman Inquisition tried people accused of being Protestants, of practicing witchcraft, of breaking church law Spanish Inquisition • Spanish monarchs set up, controlled much harsher Spanish Inquisition, 1478 • Used Inquisition to impose religious uniformity, especially on converted Jews, Muslims, later on Protestants Abuse of Church’s Power • Church tried to stamp out rebellion through Index of Forbidden Books • Church warned reading these books would cause people to lose souls • Accounts of torture, executions by courts damaged church’s image
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Question: 5) What methods did the Catholic Church use to stop the spread of Protestantism?
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Religious and Social Effects The Counter-Reformation affected the whole world, because policies of the Catholic Church influenced governments and societies wherever the church existed. Changes in Religion Conflict and Turmoil • Renewed zeal for Catholic faith spread the religion to other continents, largely through work of Jesuits • Rifts soon opened among various Protestant churches • Protestants broke away from Catholic Church, split into many factions • Calvinists disapproved of ideas on which Lutheranism based • Religious turmoil increased as Catholics persecuted non-Catholics, non-Catholics persecuted Catholics and one another • Martin Luther’s theses had opened door to religious freedom • Martin Luther, followers, denounced • Jesuit influence softened harsh colonial radical ideas of Anabaptists, Zwingli’s rule in North America, elsewhere followers • Religious freedom brought equal proportion of conflict, turmoil
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Persecution and Hysteria • Catholics and Protestants viewed Jews, Muslims as heretics • Jews in 1492, Muslims in 1500, forced to convert to Catholic Christianity or leave Spain; many Jews resettled in eastern, southern Europe • Some places, Jews forced to live in ghettos, walled in, gates closed • Jews who had converted, were members of educated elite, stayed in Spain Witchcraft • Many Europeans feared witches roamed land, killing children, cattle • Fears increased in times of poor harvests, other hardships; fears inspired hysteria in which accused witches tried for alleged wrongdoing • Penalty for practicing witchcraft, death; many innocent victims executed • Majority of executions between 1580 and 1660; thousands, mostly women and poor, killed
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Political Effects Rising sense of national identity interwoven with decline in power of Catholic Church • Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged formation of independent states, nations • Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in state, business affairs • Political power became separated from churches • Nations, churches still often aligned with one another to increase influence in a region
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Question: 6) How did religious turmoil affect society during the 1500 s?
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Religious Wars and Unrest In 1494, King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy. This began a series of wars in which France and Spain vied for control of the Italian Peninsula. The Italian Wars • During wars, control of Italy bounced between France, Spain • England eventually became involved • Fighting culminated in sack of Rome by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, 1527 Significance • Significance of wars: expanded Italian Renaissance throughout Europe • Troops brought home ideas they were exposed to in Italy • Italian artists fled north, took new techniques, styles with them
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Conflicts among Germans New Ideas and Unrest • New ideas circulated among growing population • Peasants unhappy with high taxes, lack of power • Reformation preachers gave backing to idea of freedom Peasants’ War • 1524, tens of thousands of German peasants stormed castles, monasteries • Rebellion known as Peasants’ War • Nobles harshly suppressed uprising Luther’s Reaction • Accused of beginning unrest, Martin Luther denounced it • Luther’s refusal to side with peasants prevented Reformation from spilling over into social revolution that encouraged social equality
Section 3 Renaissance and Reformation Tide of Protestantism Charles V • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was determined to turn back tide of Protestantism Peace of Augsburg • After years of battles, enthusiasm for waned • 1546, began war against Lutheran • 1555, Peace of Augsburg signed princes of Germany Agreement Seeds • Charles scorned religious compromise, would not attend • Only choices for religion were Catholicism, Lutheranism • Agreement allowed each prince to choose religion subjects would practice • Subjects had no say in choice • Still, seeds of religious freedom had been planted
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Conflicts between Religions • In France, Huguenots, the Protestant minority, fought for years against Catholics • Fighting ended when Huguenot leader, Henry of Navarre, became Catholic • His conversion led to political stability by encouraging Catholics to accept him as king • 1598, Henry’s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants
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Section 3 Renaissance and Reformation and Counter-Reformation Protestant: Blue; Catholic: Olive
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 Question: 7) What factors led to the Peasants’ War?
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Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
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