PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS ISSUES TO ADDRESS Transforming one phase

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS ISSUES TO ADDRESS. . . • Transforming one phase into another takes time. • How does the rate of transformation depend on time and T? • How can we slow down the transformation so that we can engineering non-equilibrium structures? • Are the mechanical properties of non-equilibrium structures better? 1

FRACTION OF TRANSFORMATION • Fraction transformed depends on time. Adapted from Fig. 10. 1, Callister 6 e. • Transformation rate depends on T. Adapted from Fig. 10. 2, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 2 adapted from B. F. Decker and D. Harker, "Recrystallization in Rolled Copper", Trans AIME, 188, 1950, p. 888. ) • r often small: equil not possible! 2

TRANSFORMATIONS & UNDERCOOLING Adapted from Fig. 9. 21, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 9. 21 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2 nd ed. , Vol. 1, T. B. Massalski (Ed. -in -Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990. ) 3

EUTECTOID TRANSFORMATION RATE ~ DT • Growth of pearlite from austenite: Adapted from Fig. 9. 13, Callister 6 e. • Reaction rate increases with DT. Adapted from Fig. 10. 3, Callister 6 e. 4

NUCLEATION AND GROWTH • Reaction rate is a result of nucleation and growth of crystals. Adapted from Fig. 10. 1, Callister 6 e. • Examples: 5

ISOTHERMAL TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAMS • Fe-C system, Co = 0. 77 wt%C • Transformation at T = 675 C. Adapted from Fig. 10. 4, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 4 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed. ) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1977, p. 369. ) 6

EX: COOLING HISTORY Fe-C SYSTEM • Eutectoid composition, Co = 0. 77 wt%C • Begin at T > 727 C • Rapidly cool to 625 C and hold isothermally. Adapted from Fig. 10. 5, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 5 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed. ) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28. ) 7

PEARLITE MORPHOLOGY Two cases: • Ttransf just below TE --Larger T: diffusion is faster --Pearlite is coarser. • Ttransf well below TE --Smaller T: diffusion is slower --Pearlite is finer. Adapted from Fig. 10. 6 (a) and (b), Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 6 from R. M. Ralls et al. , An Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, p. 361, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , New York, 1976. ) 8

NON-EQUIL TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS: Fe-C • Bainite: --a lathes (strips) with long rods of Fe 3 C --diffusion controlled. • Isothermal Transf. Diagram (Adapted from Fig. 10. 8, Callister, 6 e. (Fig. 10. 8 from Metals Handbook, 8 th ed. , Vol. 8, Metallography, Structures, and Phase Diagrams, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1973. ) Adapted from Fig. 10. 9, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 9 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed. ) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28. ) 9

OTHER PRODUCTS: Fe-C SYSTEM (1) • Spheroidite: --a crystals with spherical Fe 3 C --diffusion dependent. --heat bainite or pearlite for long times --reduces interfacial area (driving force) • Isothermal Transf. Diagram (Adapted from Fig. 10, Callister, 6 e. (Fig. 10 copyright United States Steel Corporation, 1971. ) Adapted from Fig. 10. 9, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 9 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed. ) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28. ) 10

OTHER PRODUCTS: Fe-C SYSTEM (2) • Martensite: --g(FCC) to Martensite (BCT) (Adapted from Fig. 10. 11, Callister, 6 e. • Isothermal Transf. Diagram (Adapted from Fig. 10. 12, Callister, 6 e. (Fig. 10. 12 courtesy United States Steel Corporation. ) Adapted from Fig. 10. 13, Callister 6 e. • g to M transformation. . -- is rapid! -- % transf. depends on T only. 11

COOLING EX: Fe-C SYSTEM (1) Adapted from Fig. 10. 15, Callister 6 e. 12

COOLING EX: Fe-C SYSTEM (2) Adapted from Fig. 10. 15, Callister 6 e. 13

COOLING EX: Fe-C SYSTEM (3) Adapted from Fig. 10. 15, Callister 6 e. 14

MECHANICAL PROP: Fe-C SYSTEM (1) Adapted from Fig. 9. 27, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 9. 27 courtesy Republic Steel Corporation. ) Adapted from Fig. 9. 30, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 9. 30 copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation. ) Adapted from Fig. 10. 20, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 20 based on data from Metals Handbook: Heat Treating, Vol. 4, 9 th ed. , V. Masseria (Managing Ed. ), American Society for Metals, 1981, p. 9. ) 15

MECHANICAL PROP: Fe-C SYSTEM (2) Adapted from Fig. 10. 21, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 21 based on data from Metals Handbook: Heat Treating, Vol. 4, 9 th ed. , V. Masseria (Managing Ed. ), American Society for Metals, 1981, pp. 9 and 17. ) 16

MECHANICAL PROP: Fe-C SYSTEM (3) • Fine Pearlite vs Martensite: Adapted from Fig. 10. 23, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 23 adapted from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals, 1939, p. 36; and R. A. Grange, C. R. Hribal, and L. F. Porter, Metall. Trans. A, Vol. 8 A, p. 1776. ) • Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite. 17

TEMPERING MARTENSITE • reduces brittleness of martensite, • reduces internal stress caused by quenching. Adapted from Fig. 10. 25, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 25 adapted from Fig. furnished courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation. ) Adapted from Fig. 10. 24, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 10. 24 copyright by United States Steel Corporation, 1971. ) 18

SUMMARY: PROCESSING OPTIONS Adapted from Fig. 10. 27, Callister 6 e. 19

HARDENABILITY--STEELS • Ability to form martensite • Jominy end quench test to measure hardenability. Adapted from Fig. 11. 10, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 11. 10 adapted from A. G. Guy, Essentials of Materials Science, Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1978. ) • Hardness versus distance from the quenched end. Adapted from Fig. 11, Callister 6 e. 8

WHY HARDNESS CHANGES W/ POSITION • The cooling rate varies with position. Adapted from Fig. 11. 12, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 11. 12 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed. ) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1977, p. 376. ) 9

HARDENABILITY VS ALLOY CONTENT • Jominy end quench results, C = 0. 4 wt%C Adapted from Fig. 11. 13, Callister 6 e. (Fig. 11. 13 adapted from figure furnished courtesy Republic Steel Corporation. ) • "Alloy Steels" (4140, 4340, 5140, 8640) --contain Ni, Cr, Mo (0. 2 to 2 wt%) --these elements shift the "nose". --martensite is easier to form. 13

QUENCHING MEDIUM & GEOMETRY • Effect of quenching medium: Medium air oil water Severity of Quench small moderate large Hardness small moderate large • Effect of geometry: When surface-to-volume ratio increases: --cooling rate increases --hardness increases Position center surface Cooling rate small large Hardness small large 11

PREDICTING HARDNESS PROFILES • Ex: Round bar, 1040 steel, water quenched, 2" diam. Adapted from Fig. 11. 18, Callister 6 e. 12

The Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

INTERGRANULAR CORROSION GRAIN BOUNDARY SENSITIZATION Cr-depleted alloy at grain boundaries is anodic to the surrounding grains. High cathode/anode surface area ratio results in rapid microscopic galvanic attack and IGC at grain boundaries. To prevent sensitization 1. Lower carbon level 2. Add carbide formers 3. Heat treatment Carbide precipitation at grain boundary during sensitization in stainless steel heated in the temperature range 510 C 788 C

Weld Decay in Stainless Steels