MSTEP PREP Primary Sources also called original source

MSTEP PREP!!

Primary Sources also called original source or evidence -is an artifact, a document, a recording, or other source of information that was created at the time under study. It serves as an original source of information about the topic.

Secondary Sources any source about an event, period, or issue in history that was produced after that event, period or issue has passed. Aside from a textbook, the most commonly assigned secondary sourceis a scholarly monograph - a volume on a specific subject in the past, written by an expert.

Native • Originally from a place or area.

Continent • any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America).

Ecosystem • a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Clear Cutting • Completely wiping out forests to make way for progress in the way of housing, businesses or other needs. • Hurts and damages the ecosystems in these areas, forever changing their strength and types of animals that can survive there.

Selective Cutting • Cutting down forests, making choices of trees that need to come down. • This allows the ecosystem to stay intact and does less damage to the environment.

Hydroelectricity term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.

Raw Materials • A material or substance used in the primary production or manufacturing of a good. Raw materials are often natural resources such as oil, iron and wood.

Economy • The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services.

Imports • A good or service brought into one country from another.

Exports • An export is a function of international trade whereby goods produced in one country are shipped to another country for future sale or trade.

Market Economy • Free Market • Competition and Consumer Choice • Supply and Demand • An economic system in which prices are based on competition among private businesses and not controlled by a government

Command Economy • A command economy is when government makes economic decisions. • Government decides what will be produced, how much, and who should receive what is produced • THE GOVERNMENT IS IN CONTROL!!

Mixed Economy • A mixed economy means that part of the economy is left to the free market, and part of it is run by the government. • In reality most economies are mixed, with varying degrees of state intervention. • Mixed economies start from the basis of allowing private enterprise to run most business. Then the governments intervene in certain areas of the economy, such as regulation, and spending money on public services.

Opportunity Cost • The cost of an alternative that must be forgone in order to pursue a certain action. • Opportunity to purchase or do one thing means it costs you an opportunity to purchase or do something different.

Bartering • exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money.

Loan and Interest • Money that is borrowed that you must pay back. • Usually you have to pay interest on loans

Subscription the action of making or agreeing to make an advance payment in order to receive or participate in something

Private Goods vs. Public Goods • Private: is defined in economics as "an item that yields positive benefits to people • Public: "The defining characteristic of a public good is that consumption of it by one individual does not actually or potentially reduce the amount available to be consumed by another individual". • Public goods include fresh air, knowledge, lighthouses, national security, flood control systems and street lighting.

Taxes • A fee charged (levied) by a government on a product, income, or activity.

Profits • a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something.

Employer • A person or organization that hires people to work for them.

Consumer a person who purchases goods and services for personal use.

Revenue • Income ($)

Interdependence a consequence of specialization or the division of labor. The participants in any economic system must be part of a trading network to obtain the products they cannot produce efficiently for themselves.

Advertising • the action of calling something to the attention of the public especially by paid announcements

Savings Account • a bank account that earns interest if you place money into it.

Quotas a limited quantity of a particular product that under official controls can be produced, exported, or imported.

United Nations an international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. The organization works on economic and social development programs, improving human rights and reducing global conflicts.

Nation-State a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

Cultural Diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. The mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions and nationalities has increased with advanced communication, transportation and technology.

Hunter Gatherers is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.

Sedentary Agriculture Cultivation of crops on the same piece of land is called as sedentary farming. It is opposite to primitive farming where after every 3 -4 years the land was left and new land was prepared for cultivation.

Pastoralism the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep.

Location Absolute location, a location as described by its latitude and longitude on the Earth. Relative location, a location as described by where it is compared to something else.

Place includes physical and human characteristics of a place. The characteristics that help define the place.

Human Environment Interactions how people interact with the environment, and how the environment responds, with three key concepts: Dependency: Humans depend on the environment Adaptation: Humans adapt to the environment Modification: Humans modify the environment

Movement the travel of people, goods, and ideas from one location to another, or political events

Regions are areas with distinctive characteristics: human characteristics, such as demographics or politics, and physical characteristics, such as climate and vegetation.

Latitude and Longitude Lines of latitude measure north-south position between the poles. The equator isdefined as 0 degrees, the North Pole is 90 degrees north, and the South Pole is 90 degrees south. Lines of latitude are all parallel to each other, thus they are often referred to as parallels.

North American Free Trade Agreement The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement among the United States, Canada and Mexico designed to remove tariff barriers between the three countries.

Democracy • A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives. • Authority is given to the government / President by the people. • Bicameral legislature (2 house) – House of Representatives/Senate • Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers to ensure that the government does not get too powerful.

Dictatorship • Form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. • Examples: Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin

Monarchy • A monarchy is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in one or several individual(s) reigning until death or abdication. • Leader: King / Queen – Chosen through heredity. • Absolute Monarchy – has complete control and does not need to follow a Constitution. • Constitutional Monarchy – must follow the laws of the Constitution.

Theocracy • A form of government in which a country is ruled by religious leaders. • Laws are created with religious values in mind.

Direct Democracy • Direct Democracy can be defined as a form or system of democracy giving citizens an extraodinary amount of participation in the legislation process • Citizens vote on most / all (perfect Direct Democracy) laws and in all election processes.

Indirect Democracy • Indirect democracy refers to a system of government in which the people control the government through elected political officials. • The elected representatives represent the people’s will. • This is what we have!!

President • Leader of a democracy. • Powers: • l. Be commander in chief of the Army and Navy when called into • • service. 2. Require the opinion of the principal officer in each executive department. 3. Have power to grand reprieves and pardons. 4. Make treaties. 5. Nominate/appoint ambassadors, judges of the Supreme Court; other officers of the U. S.

Commander in Chief • Another term for the President of the United States.

Legislative Branch • Makes the laws • Includes Congress (House of Representatives and the Senate)

Judicial Branch • Enforces the laws. • Includes the courts systems all the way up to the highest court – the Supreme Court

Executive Branch • The executive branch of the United States government consists of the president, the vice president and 15 Cabinet-level executive departments

Separation of Powers • The principle or system of vesting in separate branches the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of a government. • This ensures that the government will not become too powerful.

Checks and Balances • This system allows the branches to “check” each other in various ways to ensure that one does not get too powerful.

Social Compact • an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. • Idea proposed by John Locke

Popular Sovereignty • Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people's rule is the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.

Treaty • An agreement between countries that ends a war or conflict.

Articles of Confederation • The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States. Ratified on March 1, 1781 and under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes. • WEAKNESSES: • • 1 The national government could not force the states to obey its laws. 2 It did not have the power to tax 3 It did not have the power to enforce laws 4 Congress lacked strong and steady leadership 5 There was no national army or navy 6 There was no system of national courts 7 Each state could issue its own paper money

3/5 Compromise • The Three-Fifths Compromise was an agreement between Southern and Northern states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia. • Under this compromise, only three-fifths of the slave population was counted for the purpose of taxation and representation in Congress. • Counting slaves as part of the population give the Southern states more political clout.

Constitutional Convention • The Constitutional Convention of 1787 produced the most enduring written Constitution ever created. • Articles of Confederation governed but were weak. • Constitution is document that was the result of dozens of compromises and shaped by the failures of the Unites States under the Articles as well as the failures of all well-known European governments of the time.

Federalist • Believed in strong central government • Supported a federal Constitution • Did not believe that a Bill of Rights was necessary

Anti-Federalist • Believed states should have more power • Believed that the federal constitution should not have all the power • Believed that a Bill of Rights was necessary to protect personal liberties.

Ratification • Approval

United States Constitution • The U. S. Constitution established a stronger national government with certain basic rights for its citizens and was signed in 1787. • At the 1787 convention, delegates devised a plan for a stronger federal government with three branches– executive, legislative and judicial–along with a system of checks and balances to ensure no single branch would have too much power. The Bill of Rights– 10 amendments guaranteeing basic individual protections such as freedom of speech and religion–became part of the Constitution in

Bill of Rights • First 10 Amendments to our Constitution. • 1 st Amendment: Right to free speech, press, petition, and assembly • 10 th Amendment: All rights that are not reserved to the federal government by the Constitution is left in the hands of the states.

Northwest Ordinance • The Northwest Ordinance, adopted July 13, 1787, by the Second Continental Congress, chartered a government for the Northwest Territory. • Also, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the

Slavery • Slavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco. • Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the 17 th/18 th centuries, and African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the new nation. • The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 solidified the central importance of slavery to the South’s economy.

Industrial Revolution • The period of rapid growth in machine-made goods that changed the way people across Europe and United States worked and lived; it began in Britain in the 1700’s.

Cotton Gin • In 1794, U. S. -born inventor Eli Whitney (17651825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19 th century, cotton had become America's leading export.

Louisiana Purchase • With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States purchased approximately 828, 000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic. • What was known as Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. • Part or all of 15 states were eventually created from the land deal, which is considered one of the most important achievements of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency.

Lewis and Clark • The Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition to cross what is now the western portion of the United States, departing in May 1804, from near St. Louis on the Mississippi River, making their way westward through the continental divide to the Pacific coast. • The primary objective was to explore and map the newly acquired territory, find a practical route across the Western half of the continent, and establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it.

Zebulon Pike • was an American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pike’s Peak in Colorado is named. As a United States Army captain in 1806– 1807, he led the Pike Expedition, sent out by President Thomas Jefferson, to explore and document the southern portion of the Louisiana territory and to find the headwaters of the Red River, during which he recorded the discovery of what later was called Pike’s Peak

Monroe Doctrine • The Monroe Doctrine was articulated in President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823. The European powers, according to Monroe, were obligated to respect the Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest. • Set stage for U. S. to become “watch dog” and “policeman” of W. Hemisphere

Marbury. V. Madison • Marbury v. Madison, arguably the most important case in Supreme Court history, was the first U. S. Supreme Court case to apply the principle of "judicial review" -the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution. Written in 1803 by Chief Justice John Marshall, the decision played a key role in making the Supreme Court a separate branch of government on par with Congress and the executive.

Nullify • To invalidate or cancel.

Precedent • The first time that something has occurred. • Future actions / court decisions will be based off of this first occurrence and decision by the courts.

Trail of Tears • In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears, " because of its devastating effects.

Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19 th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico. • It was American’s “God given right” to expand West.

Monopoly • In economics, a monopoly occurs when one company is the sole (or nearly sole) provider of a good or service within an industry.

Sectionalism • An extreme sense of pride for a region of the country.

Nationalism • An extreme sense of pride for one’s country.

Horace Mann • Believed in Universal Education for all.

John Brown • he led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted, however, by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown's men had been killed or captured.

Underground Railroad • The Underground Railroad, a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada, was not run by any single organization or person. Rather, it consisted of many individuals -- many whites but predominently black -- who knew only of the local efforts to aid fugitives and not of the overall operation. Still, it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year -according to one estimate, the South lost 100, 000 slaves between 1810 and 1850.

Abolitionist • a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.

Sojourner Truth • Sojourner Truth was a prominent abolitionist and women’s rights activist. Born a slave in New York State, she had at least three of her children sold away from her. • She escaped slavery, became involved in moral reform and abolitionist work.

William Lloyd Garrison • Abolitionist, journalist and suffragist, creator of anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator • In the very first issue of his anti-slavery newspaper, the Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison stated, "I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD. " And Garrison was heard. For more than three decades, from the first issue of his weekly paper in 1831, until after the end of the Civil War in 1865 when the last issue was published, Garrison spoke out eloquently and passionately against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitants.

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton • 1820 -1906) a US teacher who was a leader of the campaign for women's right to vote. In 1869, she and Elizabeth Cady Stanton established the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Seneca Falls Convention • the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19– 20, 1848.

Antebellum • Relating to a time of or during the period before a war, esp. the American Civil War: the antebellum South.

Temperance • The temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages

Civil Disobedience • an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. • Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing the government to make them part of injustice. • Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican–American War (1846 -1848).

Suffrage • The meaning "right to vote" is first found in the U. S. Constitution, 1787

Missouri Compromise • a United States federal statute devised by Henry Clay. • It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36° 30′, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

Wilmot Proviso • David Wilmot created a law that was designed to eliminate slavery within the land acquired as a result of the Mexican War (1846 -48).

Compromise of 1850 • was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican–American War (1846– 48).

Fugitive Slave Act • The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850. It provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states. Anyone in the North had to return

Dred Scott • Dred Scott was an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857 • popularly known as the "Dred Scott Decision. " Scott claimed that he and his wife should be granted their freedom because they had lived in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory for four years, where slavery was illegal. • The United States Supreme Court decided 7– 2 against Scott, finding that anyone of African ancestry could NOT claim citizenship in the United States, and therefore Scott could not bring suit in federal court.

North vs. South • North: More populated, industrial, contained more railroad lines and resources, and allowed African Americans to fight in the Civil War – huge advantage. • South: less populated, agrarian (agricultural), contained fewer railroad lines and resources, and did not allow African Americans to fight in

Secession • U. S. History Context: The South leaving the Union to form their own independent country.

Border State • any of the slave states that bordered the northern free states during the US Civil War. • the slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, which refused to secede from the Union in 1860– 61

Union • Name for the North during the Civil War. • Ex: Abraham Lincoln wanted to protect the Union (All of the United States).

The Confederacy • The government of the South during the Civil War. • Led by Jefferson Davis. • They believed that they were completely separate from the Union at this time.

Abraham Lincoln • President during the Civil War • President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, and it declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free. " • It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control.

Habeas Corpus • a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.

th 13 Amendment • The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

th 14 Amendment • The 14 th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States, ” which included former slaves recently freed.

Jim Crow Laws • Statutes/laws enacted by Southern states and municipalities, beginning in the 1880 s, that legalized segregation between blacks and whites.

Reconstruction • The period after the Civil War in which the states formerly part of the Confederacy were brought back into the United States. During Reconstruction, the South was divided into military districts for the supervision of elections to set up new state governments.

Military Reconstruction Act ►Passed by Congress ►Divided the South in five military districts ►Union general was in charge of each district

Freedmen • At the end of the Civil War there were hundreds of thousands former slaves living in the former Confederate States.

Freedmen’s Bureau ►Need for food and shelter for freed slaves ►Many settled on plantation lands ►Task of feeding and clothing former slaves ►Find work for them ►Negotiate labor contracts ►Began education

Black Codes ►Southern laws which limited African American rights in the South ►Intended to keep African Americans in a condition of slavery ►Forced many African Americans to become sharecroppers.

Sharecropping ►New system for agriculture ►Tenant farmers paid rent with a share of their crops ►Landlords – landowners who control sharecroppers ►Crop liens – crops taken to cover debts

Fifteenth Amendment ► March 1870 ►Right to vote cannot be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

Poll Tax • payment of a poll tax was a prerequisite to the registration for voting in a number of states. The tax emerged in some states of the United States in the late 19 th century as part of the Jim Crow laws.

Literacy Test • Literacy tests were used to keep people of color -- and, sometimes, poor whites -- from voting, and they were administered at the discretion of the officials in charge of voter registration.

Ku Klux Klan • The Ku Klux Klan formed by a group of Confederate Army in veterans in 1865, used terrorism and violence to enforce the rule of white supremacy. • KKK organizations slowly declined toward the 1890’s as a result of legal segregation (Jim Crow).

th 19 Amendment • The 19 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution guarantees all women the right to vote. Passed in 1920.