Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Heterotrophic Primary decomposers except for

Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • Primary decomposers – (except for yeasts) – Along with bacteria • Some parasitic • Some predatory • Some form symbiotic relationships • All are spore formers

Fungal Parasites • Parasitic to plants – Hyphae absorb photosynthetic products • Parasitic to animals – Hyphae capture and feed on nematodes and protists

• Symbiotic with algae or bacteria – Fungi get food from photosynthesizing algae – Algae get protection from drying out

Kingdom Plantae • Food production and O 2 • Bryophytes – mosses – Transition from water to land – Lack vascular system • Ferns – Seedless vascular plants; but still need water to fertilize • Gymnosperms – conifers (e. g. , pines, spruce) – Seeds not encased in fruit – fertilize by wind-blown pollen • Angiosperms – flowering plants – Seeds encased in fruit (promote seed dispersal) – e. g. , flowers, grains, oaks, cactus…

Kingdom Animalia • • Multicellular Heterotrophs Lack cell walls Embryology – Blastula stage

Phylum Porifera • Sponges • Habitat – Mostly marine, few freshwater • Body plan = asymmetry • Filter feeder • Cellular level (lacks true tissues and organs) • Reproduction – Sexual and Asexual

Phylum Cnidaria (nigh-dare-ia) • Jellyfish, sea anemones, coral • Nearly all marine • Radial symmetry • Two forms: medusa (swimming) and polyp • Tissue level • Reproduction – Sexual and budding • Stinging cells – cnidocytes

Phylum Platyhelminthes • Flatworms • Marine, freshwater, or moist land • Bilateral symmetry • Organ level • Reproduction: hermaphrodites – Asexual and Sexual • Many parasitic

Phylum Nematoda • Roundworms • All environments • Complete gut – Have mouth and anus • Reproduction – Always sexual • Many parasitic

Phylum Mollusca • Gastropods (Snails, slugs) • Bivalves (oysters, clams, mussels) • Cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, octopus) • Marine, freshwater, moist land • Secretes shell • Locomotive foot

Phylum Annelida • Segmented worms – Repetitive body parts – Hydrostatic skeleton • Flexibility and strength – Earthworms – Leeches • Marine, moist land, and some freshwater • Bilateral symmetry • Some parasitic

Phylum Arthropoda • Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, centipedes • Aquatic and land • External skeleton • Jointed bilateral appendages • Segmented body • Open circulatory system

Phylum Echinodermata • Spiny skin • Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers • All marine; mostly benthic (sea floor) • Radial symmetry • Some regenerate asexually

Phylum chordata • Vertebrates, lancelets, sea squirts • All environments • Notochord – Flexible rod-like structure • Dorsal nerve cord – Tube for nerves • Pharyngeal gill slits – Respiration and feeding • Post-anal tail – Reabsorbed in some species

Sea squirts • Primitive chordate – All chordate characters as free-swimming larva – Loses post-anal tail • Sessile adults • Filter feeder • Compound, colonial, or solitary

Fish • Class Chondricthyes – Cartilagenous fishes • Sharks, rays, and skates • Class Osteichthyes – Bony fish • Gives rise to tetrapods – Four-limbed vertebrates • Two chamber heart

Class Amphibia • First terrestrial vertebrates • Frogs, salamanders, newts • Requires moist environments at least • Most lose post anal tail & gill slits • External fertilization • Three chamber heart

Class Reptilia • Dinosaurs, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators • Evolved from amphibians • First sign of amniotic egg – Key to transition to land – Keeps embryo moist • Internal fertilization • Tough, scaly skin – Prevents desiccation

Class Aves (Birds) • Descendants of reptiles • Adapted for flight – – Feathers Wings Light bones Flight muscles/breastbone • Four-chamber heart • Extensive respiratory system

Class Mammalia • Brain sizes are larger pound of body weight than most other animals'. • Mammals have more efficient control over their body temperatures than do birds. • Hair provides insulation. • Mammary glands provide milk to nourish the young. • Teeth are specialized for cutting, shearing or grinding; thick enamel helps prevent teeth from wearing out.

Order Monotremata • Egg laying mammals – Australia & New Zealand – Only 2 Families living • Platypus • Echidna

Order Marsupialia • Pouched mammals – Born in the embryonic stage; finish outside the mothers body (pouch) – Largely Australian • Koala, Kangaroo, Tasmanian Devil – Few North American • opossum

Placental Mammals • Embryos nourished by placenta for extended gestation periods – 9 mos. = human – 2 yrs. = elephant • 12 Orders that include: – Bats, horses, whales, rodents, cats, dogs, and primates (monkeys, apes, & humans)