Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Algae Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Algae Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE Characteristic 1 Live in/near water sources http: //www. eplantscience. com/botani cal_biotechnology_biology_chemistry/ images/Plant%20 organisms/Green_al gae/Chlorophyta_large. jpg, http: //www. californiasciencecenter. or g/Exhibits/World. Of. Ecology/Forest. Zon e/Kelp. Forest/images/Island-kelpforest. jpg, http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedi a/commons/2/29/Red_algae. jpg,

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE Characteristic 2 Lack vascular tissue http: //universe-review. ca/I 10 -24 -vascular. jpg, http: //en. es-static. us/upl/2012/03/seaweed. jpeg

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE Characteristic 3 Some unicellular, some colonial, most multicellular http: //www. microscopy-uk. org. uk/mag/imgdec 03/volv 3 sm. jpg, http: //www. marlin. ac. uk/imgs/o_ulvlac. jpg

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE Characteristic 4 Reproductive cycles involve alternating sexual and asexual stages http: //www. biologyjunction. com/images/chlamydomonasrepro. jpg

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE Characteristic 5 Well-adapted to life in water § Thin leaf-like structures (~2 cells thick) § Movement of materials into the organism is through diffusion § No stems § Ease of sexual reproduction http: //www. mrcorfe. com/KS 4/Edexcel/Biology/B 2 -1 -Living. Cells/images/Diffusion. Cell. jpg

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE Characteristic 6 Adapted to life in the intertidal zone § Cell wall of cellulose and gel-like sugar (slimy and rubbery) § Some have Ca. CO 3 http: //www. waterencyclopedia. com/images/wsci_01_img 0122. jpg

ALGAL GROUPS IN PHYCOLOGY According to: § Chlorophyll and accessory pigments § Form in which food is stored Multicellular Algae Division Rhodophyta Division Phaeophyta Division Chlorophyta

DIVISION RHODOPHYTA (RED ALGAE) Habitat Chondrus crispus, Irish moss § Some freshwater, most marine § Polar regions, tropics § Up to ~260 m depth Pigments § Chl a (all) § phycoerythrin absorbs blue light § appears green, pink, red, purple, black Food reserve: Floridean starch Mostly multicellular; no flagella and centrioles http: //www. biopix. nl/Temp/JCS%20 Chondrus%20 crispus%2015579. jpg, http: //www. uwphoto. no/500/esv 151 cd 221. jpg, http: //media. treehugger. com/assets/images/2011/10/porphyra. jpg Lithothamnion glaciale Porphyra nori

DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA (BROWN ALGAE) Habitat § Mostly marine § Cool, shallow coastal waters of temperate/arctic areas Pigments Macrocystis pyrifera, giant kelp § Chl a and c § fucoxanthin § Dusky olive/yellow-brown Food reserve: laminarin All multicellular; largest and most complex algae http: //s 1. hubimg. com/u/4873716_f 260. jpg, http: //www. ohio. edu/plantbio/vislab/algaeimage/jpegs/Sarg. JPG, http: //www. deepseaimages. com/dsilibrary/data/683/22003_0208_125426 aa_1_1. jpg Padina

PHAEOPHYTA STRUCTURES Thallus (pl. thalli) “sprout”- plantlike seaweed body 1. holdfast – attachment 2. stipe – stemlike support 3. blade – surface for photosynthesis 4. bladder – flotation, keeps blades near surface http: //ez 002. k 12. sd. us/kelpai. jpg

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FUCUS Only multicellular part of the life cycle http: //plantphys. info/organismal/lechtml/images/fucuslc. gif

DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA (GREEN ALGAE) Habitat: Freshwater/marine/moist areas Pigments: Chl a and b, carotenoids Food reserve: starch Cell wall of cellulose Unicellular/colonial/multicellular Ancestors of modern land plants Volvox http: //www. ruf. rice. edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/invertimages/chlamy. gif , http: //www. microscopyuk. org. uk/mag/imgdec 03/volvoxbirth 2. jpg, http: //www. aphotomarine. com/images/seaweed/green_seaweed_sea_lettuce_ulva_linza_17 -03 -09. jpg Ulva

UNICELLULAR GREEN ALGA Chlamydomonas Ponds, ditches 2 flagella Cup-shaped chloroplast § Pyrenoid at base synthesizes and stores starch http: //universereview. ca/I 10 -68 greenalgae 1. jpg, http: //silicasecchidisk. co nncoll. edu/Pics/Other%2 0 Algae/Green_jpegs/Chla mydomonas_Key 100. jpg 2 small contractile vacuoles Eyespot Cell wall not made of cellulose

COLONIAL GREEN ALGAE Gonium 4 -42 identical cells living together but functioning independently Volvox 500 -50, 000 cells arranged in hollow spheres Most cells identical; few produce gametes Oedogonium Threadlike colonies Holdfast cell attached to lake/pond bottom Asexual reproduction: broken filaments divide and grow Sexual reproduction: formation of gametes http: //protist. i. hosei. ac. jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Gonium/sp_2 a. jpg , http: //anugrahjuni. files. wordpress. com/2010/02/oedogonium 2. gif

MULTICELLULAR GREEN ALGAE Ulva Intertidal zone of marine habitats Truly multicellular 2 -cells thick but tough http: //2. bp. blogspot. com/_b. QO 5 Dd. Ny 04 g/S_3 l_CGS 8 r. I/AAAADgs/s. CQ 9 cyg 6 lu 0/s 1600/i 1023 ulva. jpg

REPRODUCTION IN CHLOROPHYTA Alternation of generations Diploid haploid stages Asexual modes of reproduction § Asexual spore* formation § Sexual gamete* formation * Both are haploid reproductive cells http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Haploid_vs_diploid. svg Haploid, N Diploid, 2 N

REPRODUCTION IN CHLAMYDOMONAS (unfavorable conditions) 2 N N N N Dominant stage Fertilization/Syngamy Isogamy http: //www. biologyjunction. com/images/chlamydomonasrepro. jpg

REPRODUCTION IN ULVA Multicellular diploid stage with sporangia that produce spores N N 2 N N Multicellular haploid stages with gametangia that produce gametes

ECOLOGY OF ALGAE • “grasses of the sea” • home to marine organisms • source of oxygen • source of pharmaceuticals • food products • algin from brown algae • carageenan and agar from red algae Chlorella Dunaliella Lithothamnium Laminaria Undaria Porphyra Kombu Wakame Nori • non-food products