Kingdom Fungi Fungi A Autotroph B Heterotroph Fungi

Kingdom Fungi

Fungi A. Autotroph B. Heterotroph Fungi are mostly saprobes, meaning they feed on dead organisms. That makes them HETEROTROPHS!

Fungi cell walls are made of… A. Cellulose B. Peptidoglycan C. Chitin!

Fungi Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Multicellular (except yeast, which are unicellular) Cell walls made of chitin Penicillium, the fungi that makes penicillin (the antibiotic)

Why are fungi not considered plants? Fungi vs. Plants Fungi Plants • Fungi are heterotrophs: • Plants are autotrophs: they do not make their own use photosynthesis to make food; they must obtain it their own food from the organisms or • Cell walls of cellulose materials on which they live. • Cell walls of chitin

How do you know that fungi in these pictures are heterotrophs? Decomposers eat dead plants/animals and break them down into simpler materials!

Parts of Multicellular Fungi

How do fungi reproduce? • In their life cycle, most fungi reproduce both sexually & asexually! • Sexual Reproduction: – Fusion of 2 fungi • Asexual Reproduction: – If cells of hyphae break off, they can grow into a new fungus. – Production of spores that can spread (like fungus seeds) that will grow into a new fungus

Asexual Reproduction in Fungi • One way for a fungi to reproduce asexually is to release spores. – The spores will be genetically identical to the single parent! • Spores must land in a favorable environment to germinate (grow). An Earthstar Puffball, or Geastrum saccatum, expels a cloud of spores.

How do fungal spores spread? • Spores spread easily in the wind. • Some fungi are specialized to attract animals, who will disperse the spores over a long distance! Stinkhorns smell like rotting meat, which attracts flies. When the flies land on the fungus, they ingest the spores. The flies will then deposit the spores wherever they go.

Fun Fact! On a clear day, a few liters of fresh air may contain hundreds of spores from many species of fungi!

Remember! Sexual Reproduction in Humans • Egg & sperm cells are made during meiosis! – Egg & sperm are haploid (n). • When egg & sperm cells fuse, they create a zygote. – They zygote is diploid (2 n). Sperm (n) + Egg (n) Zygote (2 n)

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi • Fungi are not male or female; they are plus (+) or minus (-). • When hyphae of the 2 types meet, they begin to fuse together. – (n + n = 2 n) • After fusion, new spores are produced with meiosis. Here, the spores are produced sexually, not asexually! – They are a genetic combination of 2 fungi parents!

How big is kingdom fungi? There about 75, 000 identified species of fungi. Scientists believe there around 1 million species that are still undiscovered!

Fungi Classification • Kingdom Fungi can be broken down into 4 major phylums: – – Zygomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota Deuteromycota

Deuteromycota Kingdom Fungi

Phylum Zygomycota Common Molds • Can grow on foods & appear fuzzy • Reproduce asexually by producing spores Mold is added to bleu cheese, which gives it its unique taste. Black Bread Mold, Rhizopus stolonifer

Phlyum Ascomycota Sac Fungi • Live in moist, warm, & anaerobic (without oxygen) environments • Some are unicellular; some are multicellular. • Sexual or asexual reproduction Some sac fungi cause disease. Saccharomyces (yeast) are unicellular fungi!

Yeast • In a favorable environment, yeast will rapidly divide & perform alcoholic fermentation. – Remember! Alcoholic Fermentation: conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide & alcohol

Phylum Basidiomycota Club Fungi • The fruiting body resembles a club that has basidia (produces spores) on the underside of the club part. Mushrooms – never pick & eat a wild mushroom; they can kill you!

Phylum Deuteromycota Imperfect Fungi • They do not go through sexual reproduction Penicillium is a mold that grows on fruit. It is famous for producing penicillin, the antibiotic.

I have basidia. A. B. C. D. Deuteromycota Basidiomycota Ascomycotes Zygomycota Basidiomycota

I only reproduce asexually. A. B. C. D. Deuteromycota Basidiomycota Ascomycotes Zygomycota Deuteromycota

Which gas is produced during alcoholic fermentation? A. B. C. D. Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide

Kingdom Fungi is a diverse kingdom! How do these fungi get nutrients? Remember! Most fungi are saprobes, meaning they obtain food from decaying matter.

Before you leave, answer the following question on a sheet of notebook paper (share!): Your neighbor has mushrooms growing in his front yard. Everyday, he stomps on the mushrooms to kill them. Even if he stomps on all of the mushrooms, they keep coming back. Why is his stomping ineffective? Why do the mushrooms continue to grow back? (Hint** think about the structure of mushrooms!)