Fungi Chapter 31 Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi More
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Fungi Chapter 31
Fungi
Fungi
Fungi
Fungi More closely related to animals than plants Unicellular Most are multi-cellular Tropics to tundra Aquatics to terrestrial Airborne spores Yeast in breads & beer
Fungi Decomposers Recycle nutrients Help roots of plants absorb nutrients Disease causing (plants and animals) Treatment difficult
Body structure Hyphae Tiny filaments Composed of cytoplasm Surrounded by plasma membrane & cell wall Cell wall made of chitin Septa Cross-walls that separate cells of hyphae
Hyphae
Fig. 31 -3 Nuclei Cell wall Pore Septum (a) Septate hypha Nuclei (b) Coenocytic hypha
Body structure Mycelium: Mass of connected hyphae Surrounds & infiltrates material Maximizes contact with material Grows rapidly Grows underground so not visible
Reproduction Each cell can have one or more nuclei Monokaryotic: One nuclei Dikaryotic: Two haploid nuclei that function independently
Reproduction Dikaryotic hyphae Heterokaryotic: Nuclei that are from two genetically distinct individuals Homokaryotic: Nuclei are genetically similar
Reproduction Sexually Asexually Spores are produced either way Spread by wind or on insects Suitable environment give rise to new fungal mycelium
Reproduction Sexual reproduction 2 compatible mating types fuse Usually 2 haploid fuse to form diploid Some fungi remain 1 n + 1 n and not 2 n +/- length of time
Reproduction Plasmogamy: Fusion of cytoplasm of mycelia Karyogamy: Fusion of nuclei Zygotes Meiosis Spore formation
Reproduction Asexually Molds Produce haploid spores by mitosis Yeasts Mitosis Buds
Fig. 31 -5 -3 Key Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2 n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote Spores ASEXUAL Mycelium REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS GERMINATION Spores
Fungi Heterotrophs Secrete hydrolytic enzymes (exoenzymes) Absorb nutrients(organic molecules)
Nutrients Digest wood (cellulose) Absorb the glucose Lignin (found in wood) Decomposer of living or dead organisms Yield carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
Nutrients Obtain nutrients from tiny roundworms called nematodes Paralyze Penetrate Absorb nutrients from body Nitrogen source
Metabolic pathways Anaerobic fermentation Wines & cheeses Soy sauce Antibiotics & steroids Yeasts (single cell fungi) Bioremediation Using organisms to break up a toxin
Symbiosis Lichens Fungus & photosynthetic partner (algae) Mutualism some are parasitic Hyphae penetrate cell walls of algae Obtain nutrients from the algae Protects the algae from too much sun
Symbiosis Lichens first to invade a harsh environment Colored - pigments -protect the algae from the sun Pigments are used as natural dyes
Lichen
Mycorrhizae Tree (plant) roots with fungi Fungi function as an extension of roots Plants absorb more nutrients, such as Zn, P, Cu Fungi gets organic materials from the plant
Mycorrhizae 1. Arbuscular: Fungal hyphae penetrate the trees roots Form coils around roots More common 2. Ectomycorrhizae: Hyphae do not penetrate the roots Helps trees grow in infertile areas
Endophytes Fungus lives inside the plant Intercellular spaces Help defend plant against herbivores Symbiotic relationship between fungi & ruminant animals Fungi helps digest the cellulose
Parasitic Mycosis Fungal infection Ringworm Athlete’s foot Candida albicans
Parasitic Aspergillus Produces toxin harmful to humans. Pneumocystis Causes a rare pneumonia in AIDS patients Chytridomycosis Fungal infection that harms amphibians Other fungal infections harm plants Chestnut trees, corn
Fungi Mycologists: scientists that study fungus Five groups 1. Chytrids 2. Zygomycetes 3. Glomeromycetes 4. Ascomycetes 5. Basidiomycetes
1. Chytridiomycota (chytrids) Aquatic fungi Flagellated spores called zoospores Diverged earliest Chitin in the cell walls
2. Zygomycota Bread molds Fruit molds Zygosporangium: Contains one or more diploid nuclei Forms a hard covering Good growth conditions Undergoes meiosis then mitosis Releases spores
Zygomycota Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2 n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Mating type (–) Gametangia with haploid nuclei 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Sporangia Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Spores Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium Diploid nuclei
BREAD MOLD
Fig. 31 -6 2. 5 µm
3. Glomeromycetes Arbuscular mycorrhizae Hyphae with plant roots Very few species
4. Ascomycetes Sac fungi Marine, freshwater & terrestrial Yeast Asci: sac like structure containing sexual spores Ascocarps: contain asci Fruiting bodies Microscopic or macroscopic
Ascomycota Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Dispersal Germination ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2 n) Mating type (+) Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelia Mycelium Germination Dispersal Ascocarp Asci SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Diploid nucleus (zygote) Eight ascospores Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS
YEAST
MORELS
TRUFFLES
5. Blasidiomycetes Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puff balls Blasidium (Latin means “little pedestal”) Long-lived dikaryotic mycelium Leads to more genetic re-combinations Blasidiocarps (mushroom) Produced sexually Fruiting bodies Wood decomposers
Blasidiomycetes Dikaryotic mycelium PLASMOGAMY Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Haploid mycelia Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidium Basidia (n+n) Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid nuclei Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid (2 n)
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