ENGM 91 ACTIVITY PLANNING Unit 2 University of

ENGM 91 ACTIVITY PLANNING Unit 2 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Introduction 1 • The unit will cover – – – Work breakdown structure (WBS) Product breakdown Structure (PBS) An introduction to system modelling Precedence analysis Gantt Charts PERT / CPA • On Arrow Networks • Precedence Networks • Also …. . – Microsoft Project will be covered in labs • This is based on Gantt Charts and Precedence Networks University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Introduction 2 – Activity Planning will help to: • ensure that the appropriate resources will be available precisely when required • avoid different activities competing for the same resource at the same time • produce a detailed schedule showing which staff carry out each activity • Produce a detailed plan against which actual achievement may be measured • produce a timed forecast • re-plan the project during its life to correct drift from a target University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) • WBS is the decomposition of work into progressively smaller and smaller chunks of work. • The logical conclusion is when work cannot be usefully broken down any further for the tasks being undertaken University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Structure Project Conduct Investigation University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Produce Report Unit 2

Work Breakdown Structure • Top Level • Level 1 University of Sunderland Project Conduct Investigation ENGM 91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Structure Conduct Investigation Conduct interviews University of Sunderland Investigate other systems ENGM 91 Analyse requirements Investigate hardware Unit 2

Work Breakdown Structure • Top Level • Level 1 • Level 2 University of Sunderland Project Conduct Investigation Conduct Interviews ENGM 91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Structure Conduct interviews Managing director University of Sunderland Finance director ENGM 91 Stores manager Sales manager Unit 2

Work Breakdown Structure • • Top Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 University of Sunderland Project Conduct Investigation Conduct Interviews Interview Managing Director ENGM 91 Unit 2

Work Breakdown Structure Interview MD Conduct interview University of Sunderland Write and review notes ENGM 91 Create data flow diagrams Review data flow diagrams Unit 2

Work Breakdown Structure • • • Top Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 University of Sunderland Project Conduct Investigation Conduct Interviews Interview Managing Director Conduct Interview ENGM 91 Unit 2

Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) • Similar to WBS • PBS is the break down of a product into it’s discrete components. • a PBS can be included as part of a WBS University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) • An example pbs – taken from a US MIL handbook University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

System Modelling University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

System Modelling – Start/End – Activity – Wait – Decision University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Flow Chart Exercise • Working in pairs produce flow chart that shows how you would make a hot drink. • This could be: tea, coffee, chocolate or any other hot drink that your team agrees. • The flow chart should ideally cover only one side of A 4. You will be provided with A 4 paper. • When complete you must scan your flow chart and email to me. • You will be given the time allowed in class. University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

System Modelling another view • IDEF 0. . . figure 1 is take from the original official IDEF 0 manual. University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

IDEF 0 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

IDEF 0 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

WBS and PBS • WBS, PBS and system modelling will assist in an understanding of the project • WBS and PBS must be done to allow Precedence analysis to take place • WBS and PBS do not necessarily set the precedence of a project • Precedence within a project should be based on what is best for the timely and economic completion of the project University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence analysis • Must be done before an activity plan can be produced • Reviews the activities that are to be carried out • Decides what activities must be carried out before particular activity can start University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts • Developed by Henry Gantt, around 1917 • Gantt charts are easy to use and produce • They are very useful for use on less complex projects • Commonly used due to there simplicity • Gantt charts are easily understood and easy to read University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts • Developed by Henry Gantt, around 1917 • Gantt charts are easy to use and produce • They are very useful for use on less complex projects • Commonly used due to there simplicity • Gantt charts are easily understood and easy to read University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts • Draw the following Gantt chart Tasks Precedence Time a 5 days b 4 days c a 6 days d b 2 days e b 5 days f c, d 8 days University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Gantt Charts University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Network planning models • PERT • The Program Evaluation and Review Technique • Developed by: – US Navy with – BOOZ-Allen Hamilton and – Lockheed Corporation for the – Polaris missile/submarine project in 1958 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Network planning models • CPM • Critical Path Method – Also know as CPA • Critical Path Analysis • Developed by – Du. Pont Inc in the – Late fifties early sixties to facilitate – building of complex process plant University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Network planning models • PERT – developed for use on R&D projects • CPM – developed for use in construction projects • When developed the two techniques were very similar • Now there is virtually no difference between the two University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Network planning models • A simple on arrow network model 2 a Start 1 e b c d 5 3 g h f 5 5 4 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2 End

Terminology • Activity – A specific task, uses resources takes time to complete • Event – The result of completing an activity – Events use no resources – They are instances in time, points on the network, conditions of a system that can be recognised University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Terminology • Network – The combination or all activities (often drawn as lines) and events (often drawn as nodes at the beginning and end of each line) defines the project and the activity precedence relationship. – Arrow heads placed on the lines indicate the direction of flow. Before and an event can be realised all the activities that immediately precede it must be completed University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Terminology • Path – The series of connected activities (or intermediate events) between any two events in a network • Critical – Activities, events, or paths, which, if delayed, will delay the completion of the project – A project’s critical path is understood to mean that sequence of critical activities (and critical events) that connect the project’s start event to its finish event University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Terminology • On Arrow Network diagram showing critical path in red 2 C=3 A=6 1 B=4 3 D=4 H=2 4 E=3 F=10 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 G=3 5 Unit 2 6

Network syntax • • • Time moves from left to right Nodes are numbered sequentially A network may not contain loops A network may not contain dangles Precedents are the immediate preceding activities • Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Network syntax • Time moves from left to right • Nodes are numbered sequentially 1 University of Sunderland a 2 ENGM 91 b 3 Unit 2

Network syntax • A network may not contain loops d 1 University of Sunderland a 2 4 c 3 b This is not allowed ENGM 91 Unit 2

Network syntax • A network may not contain dangles 1 a b 2 3 c 4 This is not allowed University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Network syntax • Precedents are the immediate preceding activities 1 Design University of Sunderland 2 Build ENGM 91 3 Commission 4 Unit 2

Network syntax • Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence a 1 c 2 3 Wrong b a 2 1 Right b University of Sunderland 3 ENGM 91 c 4 Unit 2

On Arrow Networks • Draw the following as an on arrow network Tasks Precedence Time a 5 days b 4 days c a 6 days d b 2 days e b 5 days f c, d 8 days University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

On Arrow Networks • How to start …. . a start 1 2 b 3 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

On Arrow Networks • What not to do a start 1 2 b c 4 d 3 5 e 6 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

On Arrow Networks • A better way …… a start 1 c 2 b d 3 e University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

On Arrow Networks • It is then less confusing that c & d go to the same event … but what about e & f ? a start 1 c 2 6 d b 3 University of Sunderland 4 f ENGM 91 e 5 Unit 2

On Arrow Networks • The completed on arrow network …. a start 1 c 2 d b 4 e f 5 end 3 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

On Arrow Networks • Another on arrow network to draw Tasks Precedence Time a 6 weeks b 4 weeks c a 3 weeks d b 4 weeks e b 3 weeks f 10 weeks g e, f 3 weeks h c, d 2 weeks University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

On Arrow Networks • The network with activity times added A=6 1 B=4 2 C=3 D=4 3 4 H=2 6 E=3 F=10 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 G=3 5 Unit 2

On Arrow Networks • Each event circle can contain the information below Event number Earliest date Latest date Slack University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Event Unit 2

Event numbers 2 3 1 6 4 5 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Timed activities 2 C=3 A=6 1 B=4 3 D=4 H=2 4 E=3 F=10 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 G=3 5 Unit 2 6

Forward pass 6 2 C=3 A=6 0 1 B=4 4 3 D=4 9 H=2 4 E=3 F=10 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 G=3 10 5 Unit 2 13 6

Backward pass 6 2 8 C=3 A=6 0 1 0 B=4 4 3 7 D=4 9 4 H=2 11 E=3 F=10 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 G=3 10 5 10 Unit 2 13 6 13

Event, Slack and Activity Float 6 0 0 0 B=4 4 3 7 C=3 3 D=4 E=3 F=10 University of Sunderland 8 2 A=6 1 2 ENGM 91 9 4 2 H=2 11 G=3 10 5 0 10 Unit 2 13 6 0 13

The Complete On Arrow Network 6 0 0 0 B=4 4 3 7 C=3 3 D=4 E=3 F=10 University of Sunderland 8 2 A=6 1 2 ENGM 91 9 4 2 H=2 11 G=3 10 5 0 10 Unit 2 13 6 0 13

Precedence Networks • Precedence network also known as Activity on Node • Becoming more common as it is used by many project planning software packages • Often preferred by project managers University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • Syntax the same as for On Arrow networks – Except there are no dummy activities • Precedence networks must start with a start node and end with a end node University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • A simple precedence network a d g Start University of Sunderland b e c f ENGM 91 End h Unit 2

• This is the same network drawn as an On Arrow network 2 a Start 1 e b c d 5 3 g h f 5 5 4 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2 End

Precedence Networks • A simple precedence network a d g Start University of Sunderland b e c f ENGM 91 End h Unit 2

Precedence Networks • Draw the following as an Precedence network Tasks Precedence Time a 5 days b 4 days c a 6 days d b 2 days e b 5 days f c, d 8 days University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • The completed Precedence Network a c Start d b University of Sunderland f End e ENGM 91 Unit 2

• The same network drawn as an On Arrow Network a start 1 c 2 d b 4 e f 5 end 3 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • The completed Precedence Network a c Start d b University of Sunderland f End e ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • Another on precedence network to draw Tasks Precedence Time a 6 weeks b 4 weeks c a 3 weeks d b 4 weeks e b 3 weeks f 10 weeks g e, f 3 weeks h c, d 2 weeks University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • The completed Precedence Network a c Start b d h e g End f University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

• This is the same network drawn as an On Arrow network A=6 1 B=4 2 C=3 D=4 3 4 H=2 6 E=3 F=10 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 G=3 5 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • The completed Precedence Network a c Start b d h e g End f University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • Adding more information to the node Duration Earliest start ES Earliest Finish D EF F LF Description Latest Start LS Float University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Latest Finish Unit 2

Precedence Networks • ES = latest (largest) EF of preceding activity – e. g. event may start at day zero - this actually means the end of day zero or the beginning of day one !!! • EF = activity ES + activity duration • LS = activity LF – activity duration • LF = earliest (smallest) LS of subsequent activities. • Float = LS – ES or LF – EF University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

2 6 8 Description 8 4 2 10 3 2 5 4 12 2 14 Description 10 Description 8 5 University of Sunderland 10 ENGM 91 Unit 2

12 8 4 12 Description 10 2 14 4 16 16 4 20 12 6 18 2 20 Description 14 University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • Redraw the following with complete information in each node box Tasks Precedence Time a 5 days b 4 days c a 6 days d b 2 days e b 5 days f c, d 8 days University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Precedence Networks • Redraw the following with complete information in each node box Tasks Precedence Time a 6 weeks b 4 weeks c a 3 weeks d b 4 weeks e b 3 weeks f 10 weeks g e, f 3 weeks h c, d 2 weeks University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Conclusion • Activity Planning – Precedence analysis – On Arrow networks – Precedence networks University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2

Exercise 1 Tasks a b c d e f g h i j Precedence a b b c d, e f g, i University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Time 6 weeks 4 weeks 3 weeks 2 weeks 1 week 2 weeks Unit 2

Exercise 2 • • • Tasks a b c d e f g h i Precedence a b c, d b b c, d e, f University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Time 3 weeks 5 weeks 7 weeks 5 weeks 6 weeks 4 weeks 8 weeks 4 weeks 3 weeks Unit 2

Exercise 3 • • • • Tasks a b c d e f g h i j k l Precedence a a c c d d b, e, f, i g, k University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Time 2 weeks 4 weeks 3 weeks 5 weeks 6 weeks 4 weeks 8 week 2 weeks 4 weeks 3 weeks Unit 2

Exercise 4 • • • Tasks a b c d e f g h i Precedence a a c b b, d c g, f e, h University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Time 3 weeks 5 weeks 3 weeks 1 weeks 3 weeks 4 weeks 2 weeks 3 weeks 1 weeks Unit 2

Exercise 5 • • • Tasks a b c d e f g h Precedence a a b b d, e g, f University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Time 3 weeks 5 weeks 14 weeks 5 weeks 4 weeks 7 weeks 8 weeks 5 weeks Unit 2

University of Sunderland ENGM 91 Unit 2