Day 2 Session 7 Medidas jestaun peskas nian

Day 2: Session 7 Medidas jestaun peskas nian Fisheries Management Measures Robert Pomeroy

Respostas jestaun nian • Jestaun ekosistémika • Jestaun integrada área kosteira nian • Partisipasaun partes nian via ko-jestaun & CBNRM • Jestaun direitus nian (uzu direitus nian no limite ba asesu) • Áreas Protejidas Mariñas • Merkadus no Sertifikasaun • Abordájen ba sustentu/meius subsisténsia • Renovasaun Abitat nian, rian, kriasaun no aumentu • Kumprimentu lei no konkordánsia Management Responses • Ecosystem-based management • Integrated coastal management • Stakeholder participation via co-management & CBNRM • Rights-based management (use rights & limiting access) • Marine protected areas • Markets and certification • Livelihoods approach • Habitat restoration, creation, enhancement • Enforcement and compliance

Ekosistemas áreas kosteiras nian • Identifikasaun sistemas integradus sósiu-ekolójikus nian • Kompostu husi elementus naturais no umanus/sosiais • Ita preokupa ho estadu diak ekosistema kosteiru tomak nian Coastal Ecosystems • Recognition of integrated social-ecological systems • Composed of both natural and human/social elements • We are concerned with the well-being of the whole coastal ecosystem

Abordájen ekosistémika ba Jestaun Peskas nian • Jestaun ekosistémika ninia meta mak ekosistema ninia saúde no sustentabilidade • Saúde Ekosistema nian refere ba komunidade ne’ebé ekilibrada, integrada no adaptativa ne’ebé forma, organiza no funsiona ho organismus husi espésies oin-oin liu husi evolusaun natural. • Integridade ekolójika – manutensaun estrutura ekosistema nian (biodiversidade) no funsaun ekosistema nian (prosesus iha ekosistema hanesan produsaun, fluxu enerjia nian no resiklájen nutrientes nian Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management • The goal of ecosystem-based management is to maintain ecosystem health and sustainability • Ecosystem health refers to a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity and functional organization that has evolved naturally • Ecological integrity - maintenance of ecosystem structure (biodiversity) and function (ecosystem processes such as production, energy flow and nutrient recycling)

Abordájen ekosistémika ba Jestaun Peskas nian • Bele uza produsaun ikan nian nu’udar indikadór ida • Fó importánsia liuliu ba protesaun ba potensiál produtivu sistema nian atu ható beibeik rekursus, no ida ne’e la’os hanesan fó protesaun ba espésie ka stock ruma nu’udar rekursu • Karik ekosistema ruma hetan degradasaun, meta la’os haré ba ninia sustentatibilidade maibé halo rekonstrusaun ka restaurasaun ba ekosistema ida ne’e • Vizaun ne’ebé mosu dadaun ba ekosistema komplexu tebes Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management • Fish yields can be used as an indicator • Emphasis is on protecting the productive potential of the system that produces resource flows, as opposed to protecting an individual species or stock as a resource • If an ecosystem is degraded, the goal is not sustainability but rebuilding or restoring the ecosystem • The emerging view of ecosystems is one of complexity

Abordájen ekosistémika ba Jestaun Peskas nian Iha jestaun ekosistemas nian, ita hasoru imprevizibilidade (ita lahatene loloos saida mak bele mosu) iha komportamentu ekosistema nian; ita enfrenta mós inserteza (la hatene loloos) no riskus bainhira ita halo estimativa, simu konsellu ka halao asoens jestaun nian Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management In managing ecosystems, we must deal with unpredictability in ecosystem behavior, and uncertainty and risk of adopting estimate, advice or management actions

Jestau iha Informasaun-Situasaun sira ne’ebé limitadu • Iha peskaria barak, liuliu iha peskas eskala kiik nian, la iha ka iha dadus oituan de’it atu halo jestaun ba stock ikan nian ho sentidu konvensionál • Ida ne’e loos duni liuliu tamba peskaria sira ne’e envolve espésies tropikais oin-oin no ekipamentu oin-oin mós • Ita tenke organiza fila fali ita nia hanoin hodi halo jestaun ba peskaria sira ne’ebé iha dadus no informasaun oituan de’it • Solusaun ba situasaun ida ne’e inklui adopta abordájen ne’ebé hotu-hotu komprende, informasaun ba partes sira, konsensu (opiniaun hotu-hotu nian) Management in Information-limited Situations • In many fisheries, especially small-scale fisheries, data is limited or nonexistent to manage fish stocks in a conventional sense • This is especially true for tropical multi-species, multi-gear fisheries • We must reorient our thinking of how to manage such fisheries with lower inputs of data and information • Solutions include common sense approaches, stakeholder information, consensus

Jestaun iha Informasaun- Situasaun sira ne’ebé limitadu • Koñesimentu tradisonál/indijenu – konjuntu koñesimentus, prátika no fiar sira ne’ebé iha, ne’ebé haburas liu husi prosesu adaptasaun nian no ne’ebé transmite kulturalmente husi jerasaun ba jerasaun kona -ba relasaun entre seres vivus (inkluindu ema) no ho sira nia ambiente. • Peskadór lokal sira hatene ekolojia, klima, tempu, teknolojia, negósiu, atividade ilegál no komérsiu • Fonte informasaun sira seluk mak estudus ne’ebé halo iha fatin peskaria sira seluk ho kondisoens quazi hanesan, ne’ebé bele uza ho márjen seguransa apropriadu no RRA Management in Information-limited Situations • Traditional/Indigenous knowledge - cumulative body of knowledge, practice and belief, evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with one another and with their environment • Local fishers know ecology, climate, weather, technology, business, illegal activities, trade • Other sources of information are the use of studies on similar fisheries in other locations, used with a suitable safety margin and RRA

Buka Jestaun diak liu ba Peskas • Iha nesesidade atu hadia jestaun atu evita sobre-explorasaun peskas nian no degradasaun rekursus áreas kosteiras nian • Jestaun peskas barak ne’ebé halao ohin loron la konsege koordena no limita utentes sira (ema ne’ebé uza) no ida ne’e kontribui ba hamenus rekursus no hamosu konflitu • Bele hamenus konflitu ba rekursus no bele hadia jestaun karik utentes rekursus nian envolve liu ta’an iha jestaun rekursus nian no bainhira direitu asesu nian fahe ho efisiénsia no ekuidade The Search for Better Fisheries Management • To prevent further fisheries overexploitation and coastal resource degradation, there is an imperative for better management • Many present fisheries management arrangements have failed to coordinate and restrain the many users, leading to depleted resources and conflict • Resource conflicts can be diminished and management improved if resource users are more involved in the management of the resources and access rights are distributed more efficiently and equitably •

Buka Jestaun Diak ida ba Peskas • Iha kondisaun hanesan ne’e, jestaun desentralizada peskas nian hamutuk ho komunidade ninia partisipasaun iha desizaun, bele fó rezultadus diak liu kompara ho esforsu jestaun nian ne’ebé ajénsia peskas governu nian halo husi fatin dook ida, ho staff no osan oituan de’it • Iha politika no programas oin-oin iha mundu, ita bele haré ona katak ema barak mak konsidera katak iha duni nesesidade atu aumenta partisipasaun utentes sira nian iha jestaun no katak komunidade sira presiza iha liu ta’an kontrole ba asesu The Search for Better Fisheries Management • Under these conditions, the decentralization of fisheries management and the allocation of decisions to the community level may be more effective than the management efforts which distant, understaffed and under-funded government fisheries agencies can provide • The growing realization of the need for increased resource user participation in management and greater community control over access can be seen in a wide range of policies and programs worldwide

Governasaun • Refere ba oinsá ema ida-idak no instituisaun sira, publiku no privadu, halo jestaun ba buat sira ne’ebé preokupa sira hotu-hotu • Governsasaun diak depende ba transparénsia, responsabilidade, lejitimidade sistema politiku nian no respeitu ne’ebé ema hatudu ba sira nia instutuisaun (hanesan jestaun peskas nian) • Rekoñese valór, interese no preokupasaun oin-oin • Neon nakloke ba “ direitus” tipus jestaun oin-oin nian Governance • The complex of ways by which individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common concerns • Good governance depends on the transparency, accountability, legitimacy of the political system and on the respect shown by the people for its institutions (such as fisheries management) • Recognize different values, interests and concerns • Being open to various types of management “entitlements”

Governasaun • Buka ekuidade • Husik sosiedade sivil halao tan funsaun no responsabilidade seluk • Fó importánsia ba parseria ho organizasaun oin-oin hodi hadia jesatun • Governu- Peskadór – ONG • Partisipasaun partes sira nian no haforsa sira nia autoridade • Karik desizaun ruma jestaun nian bele afekta makás meius subsistensia ema ruma nian, sira iha direitu atu hatete oinsá mak foti desizaun ida ne’e Governance • Seeking equity • Allowing civil society to assume more roles and responsibilities • Emphasis is on partnerships with a range of organizations to improve management • Government-Fisher-NGO • Stakeholder participation and empowerment • People whose livelihood are potentially affected by a management decision should have a say in how that decision is made

Governasaun Ko-jestaun mak parseria ne’ebé governu halo ho komunidade ne’ebé uza rekursus lokais (peskador sira), ajentes mudansa nian (ONGs, instituisoens akadémikas no peskiza nian), no partes sira seluk (komersiante ikan nian, operador sira, ró nain sira, seluk) no sira hotu simu responsabilidade no iha autoridade ba foti desizaun kona-ba jestaun peskas nian Governance Co-management is a partnership arrangement in which government, the community of local resource users (fishermen), change agents (NGOs, academic and research institutions), and other stakeholders (fish traders, processors, boat owners, others) share the responsibility and authority for making decisions about management of the fishery

Medidas jestaun nian Kontrole ba Input (Esforsu): - Entrada limitada (lisensas) - Limita kapasidade ró ida-idak nian (tamañu, kapasidade, kuantidade ekipamentu) - Limita intensidade operasaun nian (tamañu tripulantes nian) - Limita tempu ba peska (loron hira iha tasi laran) - Limita lokalizasaun peska nian (direitus uzu territorial) Management Measures Input (effort) controls: - Limited entry (licenses) - Limit the capacity per vessel (size, hold capacity, amount of gear) - Limit the intensity of operation (crew size) - Limit time fishing (days at sea) - Limit the location of fishing (territorial use rights)

Medidas jestaun nian Kontrole ba output (kaptura): - Total Kaptura ne’ebé autoriza - Kuota ba ema ida-idak - Kuota ba komunidade - Kontrole ba evazaun (eskape) Management Measures Output (catch) controls: - Total allowable catch - Individual quotas - Community quotas - Escapement controls

Medidas jestaun nian Medidas téknikas: - Restrisaun ba ekipamentu sira - Limite ba tamañu - Áreas ne’ebé taka - Époka ne’ebé taka Management Measures Technical measures: - Gear restrictions - Size limits - Closed areas - Closed seasons

Jestaun Direitus nian • Iha sistema jestaun direitus nian, bainhira ita refere ba ema idaidak ka grupu ne’ebé iha direitu atu iha asesu ba peskas , ita dehan katak sira iha direitus uzu nian; ida ne’e signifika katak sira iha direitu ba uza rekursus peskas nian enkuantu ema seluk la iha direitu ida ne’e. • Oinsá tau restrisaun asesu ba peskas, esforsu peska hira mak partisipante ida-idak bele hetan, peskadu hira mak ida-idak bele kaptura Rights-Based Management • Under a rights-based management system, those individuals or groups entitled to have access to the fishery are said to have use rights; that is, the right to use the fishery resources; while others do not have the right to use the fishery. • How we restrict access to the fishery, how much fishing effort each participant is allowed, how much catch each can take

Medidas jestaun nian Métodus fó Direitus • Privatiza peskas signifika katak sei fó direitus ba ema ida-idak, negosiantes ka komunidades • Iha maneira oin-oin atu tau restrisaun ba asesu, no ida ne’e inklui mós entrada limitada (lisensiamentu), direitus uzu territorial, direitus esforsu nian, no quota kaptura nian • Tentativa ida ba hamosu benefisius liu husi kriasaun direitus uzu nian, halo bainhira direitus barak kompartilla nian hakfilak ba direitu exkluzivu Management Measures Rights-based methods • Privatizing fisheries means assigning use rights to individuals, businesses or communities • There a number of ways to restrict access including limited entry (licensing), territorial use rights, effort rights, and harvest quota • Creating use rights is an attempt to create benefits by converting most of the sticks in the bundle of rights from shared to exclusive rights

Jestaun Direitus nian • Iha forma barak ba jestaun direitus nian iha peskas : • Asesu limitadu ka direitus asesu nian – TURFs, direitus ba área peska nian, lisensa ho entrada limitada • Direitus input nian – limite ba kuantidade totál esforsu nian, hanesan tempu peska nian, ró peskas ninia tamañu, kuantidade no tipu ekipamentu • Ditreitus output nian – direitu ba peska parte ida TAC nian, hanesan quota individual no quota komunidade nian Rights-Based Management • There are several forms of rights-based fisheries management: • Limited access or access rights – TURFs, fishing rights area, limited entry licenses • Input rights – limit total amount of effort, such as time fished, vessel size, amount and type of gear • Output rights – right to catch a piece of the TAC, such as individual quotas and community quotas

Medidas jestaun nian • Estabelesimentu direitus utentes nian ba peskas kria expetativa estável entre utente no jestór sira • Fó insentivu ba sustentatibilidade longu prazu ba proprietáriu sira • Jestaun direitus nian envolve asesu limitadu ba peskas • Maibé ida ne’e kria auto-interese ne’ebé enkoraja administrasaun Management Measures • Establishing user rights to fisheries creates stable expectations among users and managers • Provides owners with an incentive for long term sustainability • Rights-based management involves limiting access to the fishery • But it creates self-interest that fosters stewardship

Medidas Jestaun nian • Áreas Protejidas Mariñas (APM): áreas ambiente mariñu nian ne’ebé simu forma protesaun ruma • Ida ne’e bele implementa liu husi proibisaun totál ba entrada ka kaptura, liu husi kontrole kompreensivu kona-ba extrasaun no uzu, ka liu husi regulamentasaun ba atividades espesifikas • Abordájen prinsipál tolu: áreas ne’ebé taka, ‘no take reserves’, zoneamentu uzu-múltiplu • Konservasaun vs jestaun peskas nian • Jestaun lokál ka husi leten ba kraik? Management Measures • Marine protected areas: areas of the marine environment designated for some form of protection • This can be implemented through complete prohibitions on entry or harvesting, through comprehensive controls on extraction and use, or through regulation of specific designated activities • Three major approaches: closed areas, no-take reserves, multiple-use zoning • conservation vs. fisheries management • Locally managed or top-down?

Medidas Jestaun nian • Medidas foka ba ema • Edukasaun Públika • Dezenvolvimentu komunidade nian no ekonómiku • Abordájen ba meius subsisténsia nian • Konsumidór sira, negósiu, sertifikasaun, no rótulu ekolójiku • Jestaun ba exesu kapasidade nian • Kumprimentu no konkordánsia Management Measures • People-Focused Measures • Public education • Community and economic development • Livelihoods approach • Consumers, trade, certification, and ecolabelling • Managing excess capacity • Enforcement and compliance

Medidas Jestaun nian • Restaurasaun, kriasaun no aumentu abitat nian • Resife artifisiál, aparellu agrupamentu ikan nian, “casitas” • Reabastesimentu no introdusaun • Aquakultura Management Measures • Habitat restoration, creation and enhancement • Artificial reefs, fish aggregating devices, casitas • Restocking and introductions • Aquaculture

Quadrus –estruturais ba Dezenvolvimentu Sustentável SSF nian • Jestaun ekosistémika/Abordájen ekosistémika ba peskas ( FAO 2003; Charles 2001; De Young et al. 2008) • Reziliénsia (Berkes and Seixas 2005; Andrew et al. 2007; Olsson et al. 2004) • SSF reziliente iha mundu-en-dezenvolvimentu absorve stress no reorganiza aan hafoin distúrbiu enkuantu ható nafatin benefisius ba hamenus kiak Frameworks for Sustainable Development of SSF • Ecosystem based management/ecosystem approach to fisheries (FAO 2003; Charles 2001; De Young et al. 2008) • Resilience/ Kapasidade ba rekupera lalais (Berkes and Seixas 2005; Andrew et al. 2007; Olsson et al. 2004) • Resilient SSF in the developing world absorbs stress and reorganizes itself following disturbance while still delivering benefits for poverty reduction

Estratéjia Reziliénsia nian • Tau matan ba faktór vulnerabilidade nian ne’ebé iha kotuk • Harii reziliénsia komunidade peskas nian • Komprende diversidade peskas nian • Uza mós iha sektór sira seluk atu tau matan ba komplexidade problemas no ameasas ne’ebé mosu Resilience Strategy • • Address underlying factors of vulnerability Build resilience of fishing communities Understand the diversity of fisheries Utilized in a cross-sectoral manner to address the complexity of issues and threats

Quadrus estruturais ba Dezenvolvimentu Sustentável SSF nian Quadrus estruturais kona-ba Paradigmas Dezenvolvimentu Umanu nian • Abordájen ba Riqueza (World Bank) • Abordájen ba Meius Subsisténsia Sustentáveis (Allison and Ellis 2001; Allison no Horemans 2006) • Bem-estar paizes-en-dezenvolvimentu nian (Gough and Mc. Gregor 2007) • Direitus Umanus no seguransa umana(ICSF) Frameworks for Sustainable Development of SSF Frameworks based on Human Development Paradigms • Wealth based approaches (World Bank) • Sustainable livelihoods approach (Allison and Ellis 2001; Allison and Horemans 2006) • Well-being in developing countries (We. D) (Gough and Mc. Gregor 2007) • Human rights and human security (ICSF)

Quadrus estruturais Jestaun Peskas nian Jestaun Komunidade nian Ko-Jestaun Peskas nian Abordájen Ekosistémika ba peskas /EBM Jestaun integrada áreas kosteiras sira nian Jestaun integrada basia idrográfika sira nian Jestaun espasiál mariña Frameworks for Fisheries Management Community-based management Co-management Fisheries management Ecosystem approach to fisheries/EBM Integrated coastal management Integrated watershed management Marine spatial management