Day 1 Session 1 Tanbas presiza halo jestaun

Day 1: Session 1 Tanbasá presiza halo jestaun ba peskas? Why manage fisheries? Nygiel B. Armada

Topikus Outline § Explorasaun ba peskas to’o ohin loron Exploitation of fisheries by human through time § Peskadu (refere ba ikan hotu-hotu ne’ebé kaer hetan iha atividade peska nian) The capture fisheries § Importansia peskala kiik nian (artezana) Importance of small-scale fisheries § Importansia paizes en-dezenvolvimentu nian ba peska mudial Importance of developing countries to the world fisheries § Áreas biodiversidade mariña nian ne’ebé signifikativu iha rejiaun Areas of significant marine biodiversity in the region

Tendénsia kolleita peskadu nian Capture fisheries harvest trends § Durante tinan sanulu ikus liu, nivel peskadu mundial estabiliza iha millaun entre 90 no 95 toneladas (FAO, 2004) World capture fisheries has leveled off between 90 and 95 million metric tons during the last 10 years (FAO 2004) § Variasaun ikus mai husi peska anxova nian The recent variation was only due to the catch of anchovy

Tendénsia peskadu nian Atividade peskas nian Produsaun Timor-Leste nian 1950 -2010 (Estatistikas kona-ba Peskas husi FAO )

Tendénsia esforsu peska nian The fishing effort trends Tendénsia númeru ró nian ne’ebé peska ikan, husi 1970 tó 1995, FAO 2003 Trend in fishing vessels, 1970 -1995, FAO 2003

Esforsu peska nian no konsequénsia The fishing effort and consequence Kronolojia kona ba peska atun nian iha Pasifiku (modifika husi Sweldorf, 2009) Timeline of Pacific tuna fisheries (modified from Sweldorf, 2009) 1900 - Inisiu peska industrial atun nian 1900 - Start of industrial fishing for tuna 2000 - Populasaun atun balun, liu-liu atun patudu no atun rabillu, hahú iha problema 2000 - Some stocks, particularly big eye and blue fin tuna, were already in trouble

Konsequénsia The consequence Kaptura media anuál estimada ne’ebé peskador ida-idak husi munisipiu iha Filipinas hetan husi 1987 to 1996. Dadu produsaun munisipal mai husi BFAR(1997). Dadus kona-ba aumentu populasaun peskador munisipal nian adapta husi dadus husi BFAR(1993) no Bernascek (1994) Estimated annual average catch per municipal fisherman in the Philippines from 1987 to 1996. The municipal production data are from BFAR (1997). The data on the increase in population of municipal fishers are adapted using data from BFAR (1993) and Bernascek (1994)] Husi kg 1, 550/ tinan to Kg 1, 050/tinan (1996) From 1, 550 kg/year (1987) to 1, 050 kg/yr (1996)

Peskadu Capture fisheries § Iha mundu tomak, ikan mak fonte importante ba proteína animál, lipidus ne’ebé diak, no mikronutrientes importantes ba saúde ema nian Worldwide, fish are a critical source of animal protein, healthy lipids, and essential micronutrients § Iha paises-en-dezenvolvimentu, ema billaun 2. 6 hetan konsumu proteína animál liu 20% husi ikan; ema paizes industriaklizadus nian hetan de’it 8% ; For 2. 6 billion people living in developing countries, fish provide more than 20% of animal protein consumed, compared to 8% in industrialized countries § Ema billaun 1. 5 depende ba ikan nu’udar fonte hahan nian, rendimentu no/ka moris loron-loron nian; 1. 5 billion people rely on fish as a major source of food, income and/or livelihood

Tipu peskadu Types of capture fisheries § Eskala boot Large scale § Industriál ka komersiál Industrial or commercial § Eskala kiik Small scale §Artezanál Artesinal § Subsisténsia Subsistence Eskala boot no industriál – ba seguransa alimentar, benefísiu ekonómiku, exportasaun, ka divizas (moeda estranjeira) Large scale an industrial – for food security, economic benefits, export, or foreign currency Eskala kiik, artezanál, subsisténsia: ba alimentasaun no nesesidade loron-loron nian Small scale, artisanal, subsistence: for food and daily needs

Peskala kiik nian Small scale fisheries § Peska tradisionál ne’ebé envolve agregadu familiar (ema uma laran nian) peskador nian Traditional fishery involving fishing households § Maioria la uza materiál mekanizadu, envolve servisu intensivu, uza ró kiik ho ekipamentu tradisionál Most are non-mechanized, labor intensive, use small craft with traditional fishing gear § Peska de’it iha área besik tasi-ibun no halo durante loron ida de’it Operate near shore and day-trip § Bainbain mane no feto husi agregadu familiar mak halao knaar no dalabarak fahe servisu entre sira Typically, both women and men in households participate in tasks and there is often a gender division of labor § Tempu inteiru, tempu parsial (loron ka oras balun de’it), sazonal (ez: periodu ida hanesan tempu bailoron ka udan) Full-time, part-time, seasonal

Importánsia peskala kiik nian Importance of small scale fisheries § Tuir estimativa mane ho feto millaun entre 12 -50 envolve diretamente iha peskala kiik Estimates range 12 -50 million men and women are directly involved in small-scale capture fisheries § 96% husi númeru totál peskador mundu tomak prátika peskala kiik 96% of all fishers worldwide are small scale § Sira kontribui besik 58% ba produsaun ikan nian iha mundu tomak They produce around 58% of global fish catches § 87% peskador no traballador aquakultura nian husi mundu tomak moris iha rejiaun Asia no Pasifiku 87% of the world’s fishers and aquaculture workers are in the Asia and Pacific region

Importánsia peskala kiik Importance of small scale fisheries KARAKTERISTIKA PRINSIPAL PESKA NIAN PESKALA BOOT PESKALA KIIK LARGE-SCALE FISHERIES SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES 500, 000 people 50, 000 people - 150, 000 - 250, 000 US$ 30, 000 - 300, 000 US$ 20 -300 Tonelada millaun 15 -40 Tonelada millaun 20 -30 Tonelada millaun 5 -20 Tonelada millaun < 1 Tonelada millaun 14 -19 Tonelada millaun 1 -2. 5 Tonelada 2 -5 Tonelada 10 -20 KEY FEATURES OF THE FISHERIES Empregu diretu iha sektor peskas Direct employment in fishing Profisaun sira ne’ebé iha relasaun ho peskas Fishery-related occupations Agregadu familiar dependente husi peska Fishing household dependents Kustu kapital ba servisu ida-idak iha sektor peskas Capital cost per fishing job Kaptura anuál ba alimentasaun Annual catch for food Peskadu anuál pur kaptura Annual fish bycatch Konsumu anuál mina nian Annual fuel oil consumption Kaptura ba kada tonelada mina ne’ebé uza Catch per tonnes of oil used

Importánsia paizes endezenvolvimentu ba peska mundial Importance of developing countries to world fisheries § Paizes en-dezenvolvimentu nia kontribuisaun ba produsaun mundial ikan nian makas liu (77%) duke paizes dezenvolvidus Developing countries had a higher share of global fish production (77%) than developed countries § Estadu dekliniu (Menus ba beibeik) peskadu nian hahu iha 1980’s (populasaun balun hahu menus uluk liu) Capture fisheries are in a state of decline that began in the 1980 s (and sooner for some fisheries) § Iha sul no sudeste Asia nian, populasaun ikan demersal nian tuun ba 5 -30%, nivel ne’ebé labele peska taan ona In South and Southeast Asia, demersal stocks have been fished down to 5– 30% of unexploited levels § Atividade ema nian ameasa ohin loron 88% ahu-ruin (resife koral) iha Sudeste Asiatiku Human activities now threaten 88% of Southeast Asia’s coral reefs

Áreas ne’ebé iha biodiversidade mariña signifikativa iha rejiaun Areas of significant marine biodiversity in the region § Tasi no bee midar paizes en-dezenvolvimentun nian mak iha area barak ho biodiversidade signifikativa inklui mós espesies ho interese ba sektor peskas Many of the most significant areas of marine and freshwater biodiversity and fisheries are located in developing countries § Arkipelagu Indo-Malaio-Filipinas mak iha ikan tasi nian ho diversidade aas liu Highest diversity of marine fish species is the Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago § Primeiru sentru diversidade ikan tasi nian ba mundu tomak illa sentral Filipinas nian (Carpenter no Springer 2005) Global center of marine fish biodiversity is the central Philippine islands (Carpenter and Springer 2005) § Segundu sentru ka “piku” lokaliza entre peninsula Malasia nian no Sumatra A second center or “peak” between peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra

Atlas resife koralíferu nian , UNEP. WCMC, 2001 (Atlas of coral reefs, UNEP-WCMC 2001)

Inisiativa ba Triángulu Koralíferu The Coral Triangle Initiative