Classification of Living Organisms As living things are

Classification of Living Organisms

• As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system. 2

What is taxonomy? • Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms • Biologists who study this are called taxonomists

How did it start? • People wanted to organize their world so they began grouping, or classifying everything they saw.

Examples: • Things that break down dead materials • Things that reproduce sexually • Things that are single-celled • Things that have cell walls • Things that eat other organisms • Things that have a nucleus • Things that are multicellular TPS: What categories of living things do you remember?

Why classify? • To help us see relationships, similarities and differences • To help us organize all the organisms we discover. . .

• To give every species a name based on a standard method so scientists from different countries can talk about the same animal without confusion

Who is Carolus Linnaeus? • Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist • Developed a 7 -level (taxa) classification system based on similarities between organisms

• • The Seven Level System Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • • Dear King Phillip Called Oprah For Good Spices

Domains • Domains are the broadest taxonomic classification of living organisms • The three Domains: Archaea Bacteria Eukarya 10

Domains are Divided into Kingdoms • Archaea----- Archaebacteria • Bacteria ------ Eubacteria • Eukarya ------- Protist Fungi Plantae Animalia 11

How does it work? • There are 6 broad kingdoms • Every living that we know of fits into one of the six kingdoms • Each level gets more specific as fewer organisms fit into any one group

Six Kingdoms of Life 13

• The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors: – 1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) – 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) – 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph) 14

1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes 15

Prokaryotes – Bacteria! • DO NOT HAVE: • An organized nucleus • Structured organelles 16

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Eukaryotes • DO HAVE: • nucleus organized with a membrane • other organelles 18

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2 nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number • Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae • Multicellular- many celled organism – to specialize/differentiate cells start 20

• Unicellular • Multicellular 21

3 rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food –Autotroph or Producer Make their own food –Heterotroph or Consumer Must eat other organisms to survive Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter! 22

6 Kingdoms • • • Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 23

Archaebacteria • Ancient bacteria– Live in very harsh environments – extremophiles 24

Eubacteria • It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions. 25

Bacteria • Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes 26

Protists • Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom 27

Protista Kingdom • There animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists • Some are beneficial • Some protists can cause diseases in humans 28

Protists Nutrition • Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs 29

Fungi Kingdom • The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. • By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems. 30

• All fungi are eukaryotic Fungi Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular • They may be unicellular or multicellular • All fungi have a cell wall 31

Fungi Ringworm • Fungi can be very helpful and delicious • Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi • Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Penicillin 32

Fungi Nutrition • All fungi are heterotrophs - Saprophytes-get their nutrients from dead organic matter - Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host 33

Plant Kingdom • All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and… • they are autotrophs 34

Animalia Kingdom All animals are: -Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall Heterotrophs -Capable of movement at some point lives. in their 35

At this point, your Characteristics of Kingdoms Comparison Matrix is complete CHECK YOUR WORK MAKE CORRECTIONS/ADDITIONS AS NEEDED 36

Characteristics of Kingdom Comparison Matrix Domain Kingdom Cell Type Cell # Feeding Type Cell Wall Archaebacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Autotroph Yes Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Both Yes Protista Eukaryote Most Unicellular Both Yes & NO Fungi Eukaryote both Heterotroph Yes Plantae Eukaryote Multicellular Autotroph Yes Animalia Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph NO Eukarya Archaea 37