Chapter 5 Cell Division 5 1 Mitosis ITeach

Chapter 5 Cell Division 5. 1 Mitosis ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis The Necessity for Cell Division in Living Organism Mitosis is a type of nuclear division which produce two diploid daughter cells, which are genetically same to parent cell. Mitosis produces new cells for growth, repair and replace cells that are dead or damaged in multicellular organisms. In unicellular organisms, mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction to increase the number of organisms. Cell division is divided into two stages: • Nuclear division • Cytoplasmic division (Cytokinesis) Mitosis occur in all somatic cells but not in reproductive cells. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Keperluan Pembahagian Sel Dalam Organisma Hidup Mitosis merupakan sejenis pembahagian nukleus yang menghasilkan dua sel anak diploid dan mempunyai genetik yang sama dengan induk. Mitosis menghasilkan sel baru untuk pertumbuhan, memperbaiki dan menggantikan sel mati atau rosak pada organisma multisel. Pada organisma unisel, mitosis berlaku dalam bentuk pembiakan aseks untuk meningkatkan bilangan organisma. Pembahagian sel dibahagikan kepada dua peringkat: • Pembahagian nukleus • Pembahagian sitoplasma (Sitokinesis) Mitosis berlaku di dalam semua sel soma tetapi tidak di dalam sel pembiakan. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis The Cell Cycle Can be divided into two major phases: Interphase M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Kitar Sel Boleh dibahagikan kepada dua fasa utama: Interfasa Fasa M (mitosis dan sitokinesis) ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis Interphase Two identical sister chromatids is formed Protein, chloroplast, mitochondria are synthesised Cell division (Mitosis) Cell continues to grow and remain metabolically active ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Interfasa INTERFASA Dua kromatid dihasilkan to ki ne si s Protein, kloroplas, mitokondria di sintesis Si Fas a mit otik Pembahagian sel (Mitosis) Sel terus membesar dan kekal aktif secara metabolik ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 seiras

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis The M Phase 4 phases in mitosis Prophase ITeach – Biology Form 4 Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Fasa M 4 Fasa Mitosis Profasa ITeach – Biologi Tingakatan 4 Metafasa Anafasa Telofasa

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis The M Phase Prophase Chromosomes Centriole Centromere Sister chromatids Each chromosome consist a pair of sister chromatids attached together at centromere. Spindle fibres are formed. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappears at the end of prophase. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Fasa M Profasa Kromosom Sentriol Sentromer Kromatid mirip Setiap kromosom mempunyai sepasang kromatid mirip yang dicantum bersama pada sentromer. Gentian gelendong mula terbentuk Di akhir profasa, nuklelolus dan membran nukleus terurai. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis The M Phase Metaphase Spindle fibre Chromosome are lined-up on the cell’s equator. Mitotic spindle is fully formed. Metaphase ends when centromeres divide. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Fasa M Metafasa Gentian gelendong Kromosom tersusun pada satah khatulistiwa sel. Gelendong mitotik telah terbentuk sepenuhnya. Metafasa berakhir apabila sentromer membahagi. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis The M Phase Anaphase Pole Daughter chromosomes Two sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to the opposite poles. Separated chromatids are called daughter chromosomes. Two poles of cell have equivalent sets of chromosomes at the end of anaphase. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Fasa M Anafasa Kutub Kromosom anak Dua kromatid mirip setiap kromosom berpisah dan bergerak ke kutub bertentangan. Kromatid yang terpisah ini dipanggil kromosom anak. Setiap sel kutub mempunyai set kromosom yang sama pada akhir anafasa. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis The M Phase Telophase Nuclear membrane Cleavage furrow Two sets of chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell. Spindle fibre disappears. Nucleolus also reproduced in each nucleus. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Fasa M Telofasa Membran nukleus Belahan mencerut Dua set kromosom tiba di kutub bertentangan. Gentian gelendong hilang dan membran nukleus mula terbentuk. Nukleolus juga mula terbentuk semula. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis Uncontrolled Mitosis in Living Things Factor that cause cancer Radiation Carcinogens Liver Cancer ITeach – Biology Form 4 Genetic Tumour Age

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Secara Tidak Terkawal Dalam Organisma hidup Faktor Penyebab Kanser Radiasi Karsinogen Kanser hati ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Genetik Tumor Umur

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis Cytokinesis in a plant cell Cytokinesis in animal cell Vesicles Cell wall Nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Cytokinesis Growing cell plate ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Sitokinesis pada sel tumbuhan Sitokinesis pada sel haiwan Vesikel Dinding sel Membran nukleus Membran plasma Sitokinesis Pembentukan plat sel ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis The Application Of Knowledge On Mitosis Cloning § § Advantage : Rate of production and quality of products increased. Disadvantage : When external environment changes, clones will be destroyed. Tissue culture Male Transgenic plants Body cell taken from Bacteria sheep A Fused cell develops into embryo which is placed in Cell and tissue uterus of faster mother DNA culture extracted A fused Excised piece DNA from sheep Isolated Plant cells breeding with egg cell from sheep B of leaf DNA extraction and isolation Cloning and designing Egg cell Nucleus Transformation genes taken from removed Female sheep B ITeach – Biology Form 4 Lamb is clone of sheep A

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Aplikasi Pengetahuan Mitosis Pengklonan § § Kebaikan : Kadar pengeluaran hasil dan mutu produk meningkat. Keburukan : Apabila persekitaran luaran berubah, klon akan termusnah. Kultur tisu Jantan Sel badan diambil dari Bakteria biri-biri A Tumbuhan transgenik Sel yang telah bergabung tadi berkembang menjadi embrio dan diletakkan di Kultur sel dan uterus ibu tumpangan Ekstrak tisu DNA Potongan kepingan Ekstrak DNA dan pengasingan daun Pembiakbakaan DNA daripada biri-biri A telah Sel yang tumbuhan digabungkan dengan sel diasingkan telur dari biri-biri B Gen yang telah diklon Nukleus dikeluarkan pertukaran dantelur diubah Sel diambil Betina daripada biri-biri B ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Anak biri-biri yang merupakan klon A

Chapter 5 Cell Division Mitosis A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Cloning Donor Nucleus These two cells are fused using an electric shock. An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep Fused Cell Egg Cell The nucleus of the egg cell is removed The fused cell begins dividing normally Embryo Cloned Lamb ITeach – Biology Form 4 The embryo develops normally into a Faster Mother lamb-Dolly The embryo is placed in the uterus of a faster mother

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Mitosis Sel penderma diambil daripada biri-biri jantan Pengklonan Nukleus penderma Kedua-dua sel digabungkan menggunakan renjatan elektrik Sel yang telah bergabung Sel telur diambil daripada biri-biri betina dewasa Sel telur Nukleus sel telur dikeluarkan Sel mula membahagi secara normal Embrio Anak biri yang telah diklon ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Embrio berkembang secara normal Ibu tumpang Embrio diletakkan di dalam uterus ibu tumpangan

Chapter 5 Cell Division 5. 2 Meiosis ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis Haploid gametes (n=23) Ovum (n) Sperm (n) Human life cycle ovary testis Diploid zygote (2 n=46) Adults (2 n=46) Occur in reproductive organs and produce four daughter cell. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Gamet haploid (n=23) Ovum (n) Sperma (n) Kitar hidup manusia Ovari Testis Zigot diploid (2 n=46) Dewasa (2 n=46) Berlaku di dalam organ pembiakan dan menghasilkan empat sel anak. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis I ITeach – Biology Form 4 Meiosis II

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis I ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Meiosis II

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis The Stages of Meiosis I Prophase I Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes Chromatids Centriole Centromere chiasma Homologous chromosomes pair together in process called synapsis. Chiasmata –is where chromatids cross over. At the end of prophase I, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Peringkat Meiosis I Profasa I Kromosom homolog Kromatid Sentriol Sentromer Kiasma Kromosom-kromosom homolog berpasangan dalam proses yang dikenali sebagai sinapsis. Kiasma adalah titik persilangan pasangan kromatid. Pada akhir profasa I, nukleolus dan membran nukleus akan hilang. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis The Stages of Meiosis I Metaphase I Spindle fibre Chromosomes are lined up side by side as tetrads. Centromere does not divide. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Peringkat Meiosis I Metafasa I Gentian gelendong Kromosom tersusun sebelah menyebelah sebagai tetrad Sentromer tidak membahagi ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis The Stages of Meiosis I Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes opposite poles. are pulled to Only two chromosomes move towards each pole. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Peringkat Meiosis I Anafasa I Kromosom homolog tertarik ke kutub sel yang bertentangan. Hanya dua kromosom yang akan bergerak ke setiap kutub. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis The Stages of Meiosis I Telophase I Nuclear membrane Spindle fibres disappear. Each poles has a haploid daughter nucleus. Cytokinesis is occurs resulting in two haploid daughter cells. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis I Telofasa I Membran nukleus Gentian gelendong menghilang. Setiap kutub mempunyai nukleus anak haploid. Sitokinesis berlaku dan menghasilkan dua sel anak haploid. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis The Stages of Meiosis II Prophase II Spindle fibres reform in each daughter cell. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Peringkat Meiosis II Profasa II Gentian gelendong terbentuk semula pada setiap sel anak. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis The Stages of Meiosis II Metaphase plat Sister chromatids are positioned randomly on metaphase plate facing opposite poles. Each sister chromatid is attached to spindle fibres. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Peringkat Meiosis II Metafasa II Plat metafasa Dua kromatid disusun secara rawak pada plat metafasa menghadap kutub bertentangan. Setiap kromatid terikat pada gentian gelendong ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis The Stages of Meiosis II Anaphase II Centromers of sister chromatid separate. Chromosomes move towards opposite poles. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Peringkat Meiosis II Anafasa II Sentromer yang mengikat pasangan kromatid berpisah. Kromosom bergerak ke kutub bertentangan ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis The Stages of Meiosis II Telophase II Nucleoli and nucleus membranes reform. Spindle fibres break down. Cytokinesis follows and four haploid daughter cells are formed. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Peringkat Meiosis II Telofasa II Nukleolus dan membran semula. Gentian gelendong terurai. nukleus terbentuk Sitokinesis berlaku dan empat sel anak haploid terbentuk. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis Chiasma where crossing over takes place ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Kiasma dimana pindah silang berlaku ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Meiosis Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Place occur In somatic cells In reproductive organ Number of division Parent cell divides once Parent cell divide twice Number of daughter cells Produce two diploid daughter cells Produce four haploid daughter cells v Both processes start from diploid cells. Similarities v Both processes are division of cell and nucleus ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Meiosis Perbandingan Antara Mitosis dan Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Tempat berlaku Dalam sel soma Dalam organ pembiakan Bilangan pembahagian Sel induk membahagi sekali Sel induk membahagi dua kali Bilangan sel anak Menghasilkan dua sel anak diploid Menghasilkan empat sel anak haploid v Kedua-dua proses bermula dari sel diploid. Persamaan v Kedua-dua sel merupakan pembahagian sel dan nukleus. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division 5. 3 Appreciating The Movement Of Chromosomes During Mitosis And Meiosis ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 5 Cell Division Appreciating The Movement Of Chromosomes During Mitosis And Meiosis Appreciating The Movement During Mitosis And Meiosis Of Chromosomes v Any disruption during mitosis will cause the cells to divide out of control and abnormal cells will be produced. v Number of chromosomes in new organism is maintained as same as parents. v A healthy lifestyle is important to prevent disturbance of cell cycle during mitosis and meiosis. v A healthy lifestyle can be obtained through: ITeach – Biology Form 4 • Have a balanced diet. • Avoid exposure to carcinogenic substances. • Practice healthy social activities.

Bab 5 Pembahagian Sel Menghargai Pergerakan Kromosom Semasa Mitosis dan Meiosis v Sebarang gangguan sewaktu berlakunya mitosis menyebabkan sel membahagi tanpa kawalan dan sel abnormal akan terhasil. v Bilangan kromosom pada organisma baru dikekalkan sama seperti induk. v Gaya hidup yang sihat amat penting untuk mengelakkan gangguan pada kitar sel sewaktu berlakunya mitosis dan meiosis. v Gaya hidup yang sihat dapat diperolehi melalui: • Makanan yang seimbang. • Elak daripada terdedah kepada bahan karsinogenik. • Mengamalkan aktiviti sosial yang sihat. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

The End i - Teach