Mitosis Cell division Agenda Cell cycle Mitosis Overview

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Mitosis Cell division

Mitosis Cell division

Agenda Cell cycle Mitosis Overview When things go wrong

Agenda Cell cycle Mitosis Overview When things go wrong

The Basics: Genetic Material Chromatin in the cell during interphase is structurally loose

The Basics: Genetic Material Chromatin in the cell during interphase is structurally loose

DNA • Chromosome: DNA and associated proteins (nucleosomes/histones) that help condense chromosome into a

DNA • Chromosome: DNA and associated proteins (nucleosomes/histones) that help condense chromosome into a smaller area during mitosis.

Chromosomes one chromosome (unduplicated) Chromosome: a long piece of coiled DNA and proteins. The

Chromosomes one chromosome (unduplicated) Chromosome: a long piece of coiled DNA and proteins. The number of chromosome in each organism differs. 46 in humans. Seen only when the cell divides. Sister chromatids: 2 identical copies of the same chromosome one chromosome (duplicated) Centromere Sister Chromatids

Cell theory • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the

Cell theory • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the basic unit of life • All cells come from pre-existing cells – Cell division is how life is perpetuated – Humans start out a single cell

Why Divide? It is because the Surface area of a cell to its cytoplasm

Why Divide? It is because the Surface area of a cell to its cytoplasm volume ratio affects the exchange of materials and wastes through the cell.

Why do cells divide? 1. If cells got too large, they would not be

Why do cells divide? 1. If cells got too large, they would not be able to carry out their functions to survive 2. Growth: allow organisms to grow from a single cell to a multi-celled organism 3. Maintenance: allows new cells to replace worn-out or dead cells 4. Repair: regenerates damaged tissues

The Cell Cycle… • Cells have a life cycle, called the cell cycle •

The Cell Cycle… • Cells have a life cycle, called the cell cycle • The sequence of events from one division to the next. • Cell division is a very small part of a cells life. • The cell cycle consists of 3 stages: – Interphase (growth and replication) – Mitosis (Nuclear(DNA) division) – Cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)

Stages of Cell Cycle • Mitosis(M phase) –refers to the process of nuclear division

Stages of Cell Cycle • Mitosis(M phase) –refers to the process of nuclear division • Cytokinesis (C phase)- occurs after mitosis and is the actual physical division of the cell. Not included in mitosis • Interphase: (G 1, S, G 2)

The Cell Cycle G 1 Synthesis of DNA for Duplication of chromosomes Phase of

The Cell Cycle G 1 Synthesis of DNA for Duplication of chromosomes Phase of rapid cell growth S Growth and preparation for cell division G 2 M

Interphase Most of the time of a cell’s life The stage between mitotic divisions

Interphase Most of the time of a cell’s life The stage between mitotic divisions Made of G 1, S and G 2 phase The cell grows takes in nutrients and produce proteins which are used for energy, growth and repair • After a period of rapid growth (G 1), the cell prepares for division by duplicating its chromosomes within the nucleus (S phase) • After duplication there is another growth period. The cell ensures there is enough of everything for the division. • •

Interphase • 1. Stage G 1: primary growth phase. Increase in proteins and in

Interphase • 1. Stage G 1: primary growth phase. Increase in proteins and in the number of cell organelles. • 2. Stage S: indicates the synthesis of DNA. A. k. a- DNA replication • 3. Stage G 2: Chromosome condensation, preparation for mitosis. • Longest stage of cell cycle (The part where it does not divide). (G 1, S, G 2). Human cells contain 46 chromosomes during the G 1 stage of interphase.

The Expectations Describe the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis -PMAT-

The Expectations Describe the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis -PMAT-

Prophase *chromatin condenses into chromosomes that contains 2 sister chromatids attached by a centromere

Prophase *chromatin condenses into chromosomes that contains 2 sister chromatids attached by a centromere * Centrioles move to poles *the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate *Mitotic spindle forms from microtubules *the pair of sister chromatids attach to the spindle at their * Sister chromatids centromeres. present *in animal cells, a pair of centrioles move to each end, called the poles * During late prophase the nuclear envelope breaks down and each chromosome is connected to a spindle fibre by its centromere

Metaphase *Each chromosome becomes completely condensed. The chromosomes line up at the centre of

Metaphase *Each chromosome becomes completely condensed. The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell. Line up at the equitorial plate (equator) *The mitotic spindle (made of tubes) is complete and extend from each pole (centrioles) to the middle of the cell.

Anaphase • The sister chromatids separate at the centromere. Each is now called a

Anaphase • The sister chromatids separate at the centromere. Each is now called a chromosome. The separated chromosome are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres

Telophase • • • Chromosomes have arrived at the poles Spindle disappears Centrioles replicate

Telophase • • • Chromosomes have arrived at the poles Spindle disappears Centrioles replicate (in animals) Nuclear membrane reappears Nucleolus beocmes visible Chromosomes become chromatin

Cytokinesis • The cell divides the cytoplasm and organelles into two portions (splitting known

Cytokinesis • The cell divides the cytoplasm and organelles into two portions (splitting known as cytokinesis) • The cell membrane cleaves inward and in plant cells a cell plate forms, nuclear membrane reforms and spindle disappears • 2 identical daughter cells result

Mitosis is an Animal cell Metaphase Anaphase Chromosomes line up. The centromeres divide and

Mitosis is an Animal cell Metaphase Anaphase Chromosomes line up. The centromeres divide and the resulting chromosomes, at the equatorial plate. Chromosomes continue move to opposite poles of the The nuclear membrane to condense. Early Prophase completely dissolves. cell. An identical set The centrioles assemble (homologues) of chromosomes and spindle moves to each pole. attach to the The chromosomesfibres condense, becoming shorter centromeres and thicker. of thetochromosomes. The centrioles move opposite nuclear membrane poles of the cell and spindle starts to dissolve. fibres start to form. Telophase DNA replicated and cell Chromosomes lengthen again, prepares for division. In the spindle fibres dissolve, and a Interphase humans, 46 chromosomes nuclear membrane forms around are duplicated (46 pairs). Telophase the chromosomes. In humans, Late Prophase Interphase each new nucleus contains 46 unique chromosomes http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ahg. Rh. Xl

Difference between Plant and Animal Cell Division Uses of Mitosis in Eukaryotic Cells: a.

Difference between Plant and Animal Cell Division Uses of Mitosis in Eukaryotic Cells: a. during growth of the individual. b. when tissues have been damaged and need to be repaired (as in healing of a cut). c. to reproduce asexually.

Mitosis Summary Two divisions occur during cell division • Nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic

Mitosis Summary Two divisions occur during cell division • Nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) During interphase genetic material is replicated During G 1 there are 46 single stranded chromosomes and then after the S phase there are 46 double stranded chromosomes 2 Identical daughter cells produced Both daughter cells are diploid 2 n=46 Embryonic growth is a result of repeated mitotic divisions • A zygote is one cell after fertilization. As divisions occur, specialization occurs.

Cell Death • Apoptosis: regulated or controlled cell death of cells that are no

Cell Death • Apoptosis: regulated or controlled cell death of cells that are no longer useful. This is also used to control cells that have stopped performing properly – E. g your body must produces cells to fight a viral infection. When the infection is gone the cells are removed by apoptosis

Cancer • Cancer: Disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability

Cancer • Cancer: Disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control their growth. • Tumour - repeated, uncontrolled cell division to form a mass of cells. This can happen in any organ. Some tumours grow large and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). The diseases caused by the growth of tumours is known as cancer. – Tumours can be benign (harmless) or malignant (spread)

Causes • Carcinogens (increase chances of mutation leading to cancer) – Radiation (gamma, UV,

Causes • Carcinogens (increase chances of mutation leading to cancer) – Radiation (gamma, UV, x-ray etc. ) – Chemicals (textile dyes, paints and inks) – Viruses (hepititis B and C and HPV)

Removal • Surgical– physically excise the tumour cells • Radiation– using strong ionising or

Removal • Surgical– physically excise the tumour cells • Radiation– using strong ionising or nuclear radiation beam which can be directed to a point and burn the cells • Chemotherapy– Uses chemicals to destroy all rapidly dividing cells by medication. Can destroy other rapidly dividing cells (hair, stomach/intestinal cells, sperm)

Cancer vs. Normal cells Cancer cells Normal Cells Make exact copies of themselves during

Cancer vs. Normal cells Cancer cells Normal Cells Make exact copies of themselves during mitosis Do not stop reproducing Behave independently Metstacize, no controlled death Reproduce 50 -60 cells Work dependently/stick together Self destruct “apoptosis” when old

Any Questions?

Any Questions?