WHII 04 European Age of Discovery Hemispheres United

WHII. 04: European Age of Discovery

Hemispheres United

Chinese Exploration

�Ming Dynasty �Emperor Yongle commissioned explorer Zheng He (a Chinese and Muslim) to explore � Voyages – from China to Southeast Asia, India, the Red Sea and east Africa � Purpose = reassert China’s power after the decline of Yuan Dynasty. China considered itself “the Middle Kingdom” and the center of the world � After emperor Yongles death the dynasty decided to stop voyages � This decision reflects China’s view on foreigners � Distrust (Mongols- foreigners that took control in past) and the belief that they were the center of the world and not in need of goods from other nations

1371 -1435 Admiral Zheng He Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! Shows the difference between Chinese Junk ships, which faired better in the sea, and that of the agile caravel ships used by Europeans to navigate

Zheng He’s Voyages In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

Europeans Explore the East

Why Explore? � 4 G’s �God- spread Christianity �Gold- desire for wealth �Glory- return famous, recognition �Ground- more land = power

Causes of European Exploration 1. the desire for wealth was the main reason for European exploration (GOLD) 2. the desire to spread Christianity also fueled European exploration (GOD) 3. political and economic competition with other European empires (GLORY) 4. advances in technology made the voyages of discovery possible a. the caravel – ships that used the triangular lateen sails and square sales to pick up and sail against the wind b. astrolabe – used to tell how far north or south of the equator a ship was c. compass – Chinese invention to track directions

Early Explorations, 1400’s �

Technology

New Weapons Technology

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

Technology 1. Astrolabe – “star-taker” used to navigate and determine the position of the stars, moon, sun and planets 2. Mariners compass – measures directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the earth. Magnetic compass interacts with the earth’s magnetic field. 3. Maps – improvements in map making and accuracy 4. Sextant - an instrument used to measure the angle between any two visible objects. Its primary use is to determine the angle between a celestial object and the horizon which is known as the object's altitude

Wealth

Portugal Leads the Way 1. Prince Henry – founded a navigation school on the southwestern coast of Portugal 2. Bartolomeu Dias – discovered the Cape of Good Hope (the southern tip of Africa) 3. Vasco da Gama – discovered first water route to Asia

Portuguese

Bartholomeu Dias

Vasco da Gama

Spanish Claims 1. Christopher Columbus a. Italian navigator who believed he could reach India by sailing into the Atlantic b. landed in Salvador convinced he made it to India 2. Ferdinand Magellan – his voyage was the first to circumnavigate the planet 3. Hernando Cortez – conquered the Aztecs in central Mexico a. the Spanish forced the Aztecs to mine gold and silver for them, the Aztec 4. Francisco Pizzaro – conquered the Incas in South America

Christopher Columbus

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan

Hernan Cortes

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa (ah-tah-wahl-pah)

Rivalry between Spain and Portugal a. Line of Demarcation – line that divided the world between Spain (to the west of the line) and Portugal (to the east of the line) b. Treaty of Tordesillas – the line was moved so that Portugal got Brazil Ø agreed to honor the line

Treaty of Tordesillas

France 1. Jacques Cartier a. 1534 – searched for a way to Asia through America b. sailed up the St. Lawrence River and established a colony at present day Montreal 2. Samuel de Champlain(1608) – founded Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in North America

Jacques Cartier

Samuel de Champlain

England 1. Sir Francis Drake a. Dec. 1577 – set out to raid Spanish holdings on the Pacific Coast of the Americas 2. serious overseas expansion did not begin until the founding of the English East India Company 3. 1607 - Jamestown was established, the first English settlement in North America 4. 1620 – Pilgrims established Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts for religious reasons 5. had no desire to convert the Native Americans, just wanted their land 6. established huge plantations in the southern areas, worked by slave labor

Sir Francis Drake

Jamestown

Pilgrims

The Migration of Colonists 1. After establishing colonies, the colonists explored their new surroundings and began settling in new areas 2. As the colonists expanded, they carried their faith* with them and began converting the Native Americans a. The Spanish established Catholic missions throughout their land b. Priests spoke out against the cruel treatment of the natives, but felt free to break* the old religious relics the natives had

Colonial Organization 1. ) Colonial Latin America 2. ) Colonial North America

1. ) Latin America a. Politically organized into Viceroyalties Viceroys = the Kings representatives in the new world 2. Because of distance – operated independently 1.

b. Agricultural plantations and silver mines created 1. required a large numbers of workers 2. Encomienda System – forced labor of native Amerindians in return for conversion to Christianity and shelter/food 3. based off of Incan (Peru) Mit’a system where Amerindians had to work for Spanish masters 2 to 4 months out of the year

4. Many Amerindians died due to European diseases or from labor and colonies needed a more stable work force a. imported Slaves from Africa 5. Rigid social class systems developed a. Amerindians were viewed as subjects b. few women traveled to the Americas so men began taking native wives

Peninsulares Creoles Mulattos Indians

Peninsulares- men who were born in Spain hold high offices in Government 0. 1% Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America rise in the ranks of army 22. 8% Mestizos- those with European and native American ancestory Mulattos- person mixed European and African ancestry 7. 6% Indians 55. 8 % had little or no freedom and worked in estates or in mines

2. ) North America a. Politically organized into colonies, all exports going to the mother country 1. English and Dutch – funded by joint-stock companies (i. e. The Virginia Company) i. charters – gave colonist rights and responsibilities ii. Governments had more independence than that of Latin American (directly financed by the King) 2. Colonial English governments had assemblies and colonists began to believe that they should share the governing power with the king (no powerful viceroys)

b. Social class system 1. less rigid – based on ethnicity 2. colonies developed separately, at different times and were comprised of people from the mother country i. many families traveled over therefore less intermarriage than Latin American colonies c. Labor systems develop 1. indentured servitude – bound by a contract (ethnically same as free settler) i. Passage in exchange for years of service 2. Slave labor (from Africa) i. Plantations (south) – large amount of workers to sustain cash crops ii. Not practical for small farms in North

The Great Circuit and the Atlantic Economy

The Columbian Exchange 1. Western Hemisphere agricultural products, such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco*, changed European lifestyles 2. European horses and cattle* changed the lifestyles of American Indians 3. European diseases*, such as smallpox*, killed many American Indians 4. A shortage of labor to grow cash crops in the Americas led to the use of African slaves, a. Slavery was now based on race, not conquered peoples

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE v Syphilis v Trinkets v Liquor v GUNS v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpox v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria v Diptheria v Whooping Cough

The Great Circuit

The Triangular Trade

Manila Galleons 1. Ships began crossing the Pacific to pick up luxury goods A. Spanish Ships = Manila Galleons 1. twice a year ships cross from Manilla, Spanish East Indies (Philippines) to Acapulco, Mexico (New Spain) 2. Picked up Asian luxury goods and silver from Mexico

Silver Crash Course

Mercantilism 1. mercantilism – a nation’s power depended on its wealth a. a nation’s wealth was determined by the amount of gold and silver it had b. nations tried to export more than they imported 2. gold and silver were exported from the Americas to Europe and Asia

New Colonial Rivals

The Slave Trade 1. The Triangular Trade – linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas through the trade of slaves, sugar, and rum 2. The Middle Passage a. 3000 -mile, second part of the triangular trade

Slave Trade 1500 -1600 s 300, 000 Africans by the end: 9. 5 million

3. WHY? a. To meet labor needs 4. Why Africans? a. Had already been exposed to diseases and built immunity to them b. Experience in farming – could do large scale plantation work c. Strangers to America – no tribes to side with and less likely to escape d. Slave trade already existed in Africa

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

5. Brazil = dominates the sugar trade a. 40% of all Africans went to Brazil b. 3. 6 million c. 10 times more than what will arrive in N. America

Africa and the New World Economy

1. Slavery in Africa pre 1440 a. status came from owning other Africans – not land b. social status ranged from owning many to being a slave c. slaves were spoils of war d. Characteristics i. Slaves were inherited ii. Served a variety of functions (servant/laborer) iii. Better treatment in Europe 2. Slavery upon arrival of Europeans a. all parts of Africa b. well developed slave trade markets and routes – most slaves go to middle east

Stage 1: Origin (1441 -1500) �Portuguese are first to engage in exploration and slave trade �Domestic servitude in Europe �Africans hold advantage in slave trade

Stage 2: Expansion (1500 -1650) �Labor intensive agriculture in New World �Native Americans were ineffective labor source and Africans were more secure source �Role of Catholic Priests – pushed for Amerindian rights �By 1605 most slaves went to Brazil and Americas

Stage 3: Peak (1650 -1800) � 10 million slaves – mostly from west Africa �Increase due to growth of plantation economy �Slaves surpass gold and ivory trade �Africans promote the increase in trade: �Civil wars on the rise �Demand for guns �Rulers cannot control commercial mindset of elites �European coercive tactics

Slave Trade Destination �Brazil �British West Indies �French West Indies �Spanish America �Dutch West Indies �North America �Danish West Indies �Total Number of slaves 3, 646, 800 1, 665, 000 1, 600, 200 1, 552, 000 (702, 000 to Cuba 500, 000 399, 000 28, 000 9, 391, 000

Major African Slave Trade Kingdoms 1. Asante Empire a. known for producing and trading gold and kola nuts b. Clans are united under Osei Tutu c. because of the slave trade it will remain one of the most powerful kingdoms in the Sudan until early 19 th century d. will fight off British who attempt to colonize 2. Benin does not become a significant in slave trade

Most of what we know about the slave trades comes from former slave turned abolitionist – Oludah Equiano

Equiano’s homeland Eastern Nigeria

C. Stage 3: (Decline) 1800 s 1. Age of Enlightenment (1750 s-1800) a. Concepts of human rights & freedoms

C. Stage 3: (Decline) 1800 s 2. Role of Great Britain a. Led abolition movement b. Slave trade outlawed- early 1800 s British navy firing on slave ship

C. Stage 3: (Decline) 1800 s 2. Role of Great Britain a. Led abolition movement b. Slave trade outlawed- early 1800 s British navy firing on slave ship

C. Stage 3: (Decline) 1800 s 3. Industrial Age - reduced need for slave labor - paid labor better than free What are some benefits to a paid labor source?