University of Bakht Elruda Faculty of Science Computer
University of Bakht El-ruda Faculty of Science Computer Science –Department 5 th- Year Computer Graphics Introduction to Computer Graphics Part-1
Overview • • • Computer Graphics (Definition , Applications) Computer Graphics History (Timelines) Graphics Systems Graphics Standards Graphics Hardware (I/O , GPUs) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 2
What is Computer Graphics? q Computer Graphics is a sub field of computer science concerned with the creation , manipulation, Storage , display of geometric objects (modelling) and their images (rendering) or simply “Producing pictures or images using a computer “ q Computer Graphics=Mathematics+ Computer Science +Art q Rendering of images on a device. q Rendering - creating images from models. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 3
What is Computer Graphics? q. Models = objects constructed from geometric primitives (points, lines, polygons) specified by their vertices. qmodels exist in n-dimensional 'mathematically pure' space. q. Computer graphics it differs from image processing in that the emphasis is on image generation , image analysis , enhancement , color correction, scaling, blurring, sharpening , etc. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 4
What is Computer Graphics? q Modern graphics API's include Ø Open. GL, Direct 3 D, Java 3 D, Matlab, and others. q Our programming environment will include – Visual C++, Open. GL, and GLUT (system-independent interface to Open. GL) on a workstation or laptop computer running Windows, Linux, or OS X. q Graphics lends itself well to object-oriented programming, but since Open. GL is not object oriented, and we do not want to hide low level details, procedural code is preferred. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 5
Components of Computer Graphics q Modeling – Representing 3 D objects. – Defining objects in terms of primitives, coordinates and characteristics. – Representing complex surfaces & patterns • e. g. car, human, plants. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 6
Components of Computer Graphics q Rendering – Constructing 2 D images from 3 D models. – Applying physically based procedures to generate (photorealistic) images from scenes (using lighting and shading). – Simulate the way light sources interact with these surfaces, color, pattern. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 7
Components of Computer Graphics q Animation – Simulating changes over time. – Simulates the way object move and interact. – (movement) describing how objects change in time. q Storing – Storing scenes and images in memory and on disk. q Imaging – Representing 2 D images Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 8
Components of Computer Graphics q Manipulating: – Changing the shape , position and characteristics of objects. q Viewing: – Displaying images from various viewpoints on various devices. q Texture mapping : – Is a method of adding realism to a computergenerated graphic. – When a picture is mapped onto an object, the correspondence between the picture's pixels and points on the object's surface is calculated. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 9
Relevant Disciplines • Analytic Geometry • Art and Graphic Design • Cognitive Science • Computer Engineering • Engineering Design • Education • Film • Human Factors Rendering Hardware VR Systems Portable/Embedded CG CAD CAE / CASE CAM Immersive Training Tutoring Interfaces Color/Optical Models CG/Vision Duality Interface Design Layout CG Design Visualization Parametric Equations Conics Polygon Rendering • Linear Algebra • Numerical Analysis Computer Graphics (CG) Surface Modeling Physically-Based Modeling Stat/Info Visualization Transformations Change of Coordinate Systems User Modeling Ergonomic Interfaces, I/O Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 Animation Large-Scale CG 10
Computer Graphics Applications 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) Computer Aided Design (CAD) Presentation Graphics and Display of Information Computer Art Entertainment (Movies , Animation, Games, Films , …) Photorealism (PR) ( Realism in Behaviour ) Nonphotorealisim (NPR)) Education & Training Visualization (scientific & business) Image Processing Medical & Virtual Surgery Computer-Assisted Surgery Room Layout Design and Architectural Simulations Virtual Reality Data Visualization Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 11
1. Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) • Major component – Window manager (multiplewindow areas) • To make a particular window active, click in that window (using an interactive pointing device) • Interfaces display – menus & icons • Icons – graphical symbol designed to look like the processing option it represents • Advantages of icons – less screen space, easily understood • Menus contain lists of textual descriptions & icons Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 12
1. Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) Cont. • Typical Components used are – Menus – Icons – Cursors – Dialogue Boxes – Scroll Bars – Buttons – Valuators – Sketching – 3 D-interface Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 13
1. Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) Cont. B 205 Control Console (1960) Early Computers : There is no interface other than the hardware itself Modern Computer with O. S. had a more modern “console” such as CLI (Windows , Unix , … Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 14
1. Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 Cont. 15
1. Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 Cont. 16
2 - Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. • Graphics for Engineering and Architectural System. • Design of Building, Automobile, Aircraft, Machine etc. Auto. CAD 2014 ARCH/CAD- Interior Design Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 17
2 - Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 18
2 - Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. Lighting and Layout Design Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 19
2 - Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. • Used in design of buildings, automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, computers, textiles & many other products • Objects are displayed in wire frame outline form • Software packages provide multi-window environment Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 20
2 - Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. CAD/CAM • Computer Aided Munufactural Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 21
2 - Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. • Graphics design package provides standard shapes (useful for repeated placements). • Animations are also used in CAD applications. • Realistic displays of architectural design permits simulated “walk” through the rooms (virtual -reality systems). Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 22
3 - Presentation Graphics • Used to produce illustrations for reports or generate slides for use with projectors • Commonly used to summarize financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific, economic data for research reports, managerial reports & customer information bulletins • Examples : Bar charts, line graphs, pie charts, surface graphs, time chart Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 23
3 - Presentation Graphics Cont. Examples of presentation graphics Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 24
3 - Presentation Graphics Cont. Examples of presentation graphics Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 25
3 - Presentation Graphics Cont. Examples of presentation graphics Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 26
3 - Presentation Graphics Cont. Display of Information • Graphics for Scientific, Engineering, and Medical Data Nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Medical Image Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 27
4 - Computer Art • Used In Fine Art & Commercial Art – Includes artist’s paint brush programs, paint packages, CAD packages and animation packages – These packages provides facilities for designing object shapes & specifying object motions. – Examples : Cartoon Drawing, Paintings, Product Advertisements, Logo Design Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 28
4 - Computer Art Cont. Examples : Paintings Product Advertisements Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 Cartoon Drawing 29
4 - Computer Art Cont. • Electronic painting – Picture painted electronically on a graphics tablet (digitizer) using a stylus. – Cordless, pressure sensitive stylus. • Morphing – A graphics method in which one object is transformed into another. – Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and animations that changes (or morphs) one image or shape into another through a seamless transition. – Most often it is used to depict one person turning into another through technological means or as part of a fantasy Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) or surreal sequence. Diaa 30 Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018
4 - Computer Art Cont. Morphing Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 31
4 - Computer Art Cont. Morphing Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 32
5 - Entertainment • Movie Industry – Used in motion pictures, music videos, and television shows. – Used in making of cartoon animation films. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 33
5 - Entertainment Cont. Movies Termination Titanic Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 Shrek 34
5 - Entertainment Cont. Movies Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 35
5 - Entertainment Cont. Computer Animation Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 36
5 - Entertainment Cont. Aiding Traditional Animation Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 37
5 - Entertainment Cont. Movies Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 38
5 - Entertainment Cont. (Films and Games ) • Game Industry – Focus on interactivity – Cost effective solutions – Avoiding computations and other tricks Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 39
6 - Photorealism (PR) Realism in Behavior Motion capture (mocap) §sample positions and orientations of markers on actors over time §map these motions to a computer model §usually better than keyframed animations – extremely realistic §Andy Serkis is mocap specialist, e. g. , Gollum Image 1 - avatarblog. typepad. com Image 2 - fxguide. com http: //archive. wired. com/geekdad/2012/12/andyserkis/ Graphics - Chapter (1) Computer Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 40
bilawalsheikh 333. blogspot. com Computer Graphics (BSCS)-6 A Fall 2013, BU Islamabad Photorealistic Fantasy Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 41
6 - Photorealism (PR) Rendering Realism Morning Evening Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 42
6 - Photorealism (PR) Rendering Realism Real Synthetic Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 43
6 - Photorealism (PR) Realism in Rendering cont’d • BSSRDF – bidirectional surface scattering distribution function – Accounts for when light enters and leaves a material in different places – Developed by Henrik Jensen 2001 graphics. ucsd. edu/~henrik/images/subsurf. html http: // Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 Skim milk, whole milk, and diffuse milk (diffuse milk looks more like paint!) BRDF vs BSSRDF rendering 44
6 - Photorealism (PR) Is this real? Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 45
6 - Photorealism (PR) Humans Jensen et al. Final Fantasy (Sony) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 46
7 - Non-photorealistic Rendering (NPR) – Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) is an area of computer graphics that focuses on enabling a wide variety of expressive styles for digital art. – In contrast to traditional computer graphics, which has focused on photorealism, NPR is inspired by artistic styles such as painting, drawing, “Final Fantasy ” Square 2001 technical illustration, and animated cartoon s. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 47
Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 48
8 - Education & Training • Computer generated models of physical, financial and economic systems are used as educational aids. • Models of physical systems, physiological systems, population trends, or equipment such as colorcoded diagram help trainees to understand the operation of the system. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 49
8 - Education & Training Cont. § Specialized Systems Used For Training Applications § Simulators for practice sessions or training of ship captains § Aircraft pilots § Heavy equipment operators § Air traffic-control personnel Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 50
8 - Education & Training Cont. Mars Rover Simulator Flight Simulator Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 51
9 -Visualization ( Scientific & Business ) • Visualization – Is the use of graphical techniques to communicate information and support reasoning or analysis. – The field of Scientific Visualization provides graphical tools that help these researchers and others interpret the vast quantities of data generated. – Visualizations are cost-effective because they exploit • Powerful human visual processing capabilities and • High quality graphics created at low cost. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 52
9 -Visualization ( Scientific & Business ) • Two Kinds of Visualizations – Scientific Visualization(Medical , Engineering , . . ) – Information Visualization(Business , Industry, Commercial, Educational , . . ) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 53
9 -Visualization ( Scientific & Business) Cont. • Scientific Visualization – Producing graphical representations for scientific, engineering, and medical data sets. Isosurface on molecule. jpg Key: Hydrogen = white, carbon = grey, nitrogen = blue, oxygen = red, and phosphorus = orange. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 54
9 -Visualization ( Scientific & Business) Cont. • Business Visualization – Is used in connection with data sets related to commerce, industry and other non-scientific areas – Techniques used- color coding, contour plots, graphs, charts, surface renderings & visualizations of volume interiors. – Image processing techniques are combined with computer graphics to produce many of the data visualizations. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 55
9 -Visualization ( Scientific & Business) Cont. A generic lifecycle of products Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 56
9 -Visualization Abstract Imagery Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 57
10 - Image Processing q Image processing is the study of any algorithm that takes an image as input and returns an image as output. q Includes: Ø Image display and printing Ø Image editing and manipulation Ø Image enhancement Ø Feature detection and extraction Ø Image compression Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 58
10 - Image Processing q Image analysis Ø Involves extracting meaningful information from an image Ø Image segmentation Ø Image matching and comparison Ø Medical diagnosis from an image q Computer Vision Ø Strives to emulate the human visual system and interpret our 3 D world from 2 D images or video Ø Object recognition Ø Motion tracking Ø 3 D shape from multiple 2 D images Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 59
11 -Medical & Virtual Surgery Brain surgery Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 60
11 -Medical & Virtual Surgery Total Hip replacement -- principle Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 61
12 - Computer-Assisted Surgery q A new approach to knee replacement. q The patient’s specific anatomy is simulated and displayed on a computer during surgery. q Computer provides information about where to place components for proper alignment. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 62
13 - Room Layout Design and Architectural Simulations Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 63
13 - Room Layout Design and Architectural Simulations Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 64
14 - Virtual Reality q Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated scenario that simulates a realistic experience. q The immersive environment can be similar to the real world in order to create a lifelike experience grounded in reality or sci-fi. q With a headset and motion tracking, VR lets you look around a virtual space as if you're actually there. q Virtual Reality(VR)is the use of computer graphics and other technologies(multi-sensory information program which tracks a user in real time) to create a simulated environment in which the user interacts. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 65
14 - Virtual Reality Cont. Performing virtual surgery. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 Virtual reality devices. 66
14 - Virtual Reality Cont. • Virtual Environment (VE) – A computer generated world with which the user can interact. – Interaction can vary from looking around to interactively modifying the world. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 67
15 - Data Visualization Bruckner and Groeller, TU Vienna, 2007 Holten, TU/e, 2007 Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 68
Historical Timeline Computer Graphics: 1950 -1960 • Computer graphics goes back to the earliest days of computing (simple graphics display). • William Fetter coined term “computer graphics” in 1960 to describe new design methods he was pursuing at Boeing for cockpit ergonomics • Created a series of widely reproduced images on “pen plotter” exploring cockpit design, using 3 D model of human body. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) 69 Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018
Historical Timeline Ivan Sutherland (1963) - SKETCHPAD • First truly interactive graphics system, Sketchpad, pioneered at MIT by Ivan Sutherland for his Ph. D in 1963. • Thesis Used TX-2 transistorized “mainframe” at Lincoln Lab §PORN May 16, 1938 (age 89) Hastings, Nebraska, United States Fields Computer science , Internet Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 70
Historical Timeline Ivan Sutherland (1963) - SKETCHPAD – Recognized the potential of man-machine interaction – Loop • Display something • User moves light pen • Computer generates new display – Sutherland also created many of the now common algorithms for computer graphics • pop-up menus • constraint-based drawing • hierarchical modeling Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 71
Historical Timeline Display hardware • Vector displays – 1963 – Modified Oscilloscope – 1974 – Evans and Sutherland Picture System • Raster displays – 1975 – Evans and Sutherland Frame Buffer (FB) – 1980 s – cheap frame buffers bit-mapped personal computers – 1990 s – Liquid-Crystal Displays (LCD) Laptops – 2000 s – Micro-Mirror Projectors (MMP) Digital Cinema. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 72
Historical Timeline Input hardware • 2 D – light pen, tablet, mouse, joystick, track ball, touch panel, etc. – 1970 s & 80 s - CCD analog image sensor + frame grabber – 1990 s & 2000’s - CMOS digital sensor + in-camera[Nayar 00] processing Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 73
• negative film = 130: 1 (7 stops) • paper prints = 46: 1 • [Debevec 97] = 250, 000: 1 (18 stops) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 74
Historical Timeline Input hardware • 2 D – light pen, tablet, mouse, joystick, track ball, touch panel, etc. – 1970 s & 80 s - CCD analog image sensor + frame grabber – 1990 s & 2000’s - CMOS digital sensor + in-camera processing high-X imaging (dynamic range, resolution, depth of field, …) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 75
Historical Timeline Input hardware • 3 D – 3 D trackers – multiple cameras – active rangefinders • other – data gloves – voice Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 76
Historical Timeline Rendering • 1960 s - The Visibility Problem – Roberts (1963), Appel (1967) - Hidden-line Algorithms – Warnock (1969), Watkins (1970) - Hidden-surface Algorithms – Wireframe graphics (Draw only lines). – Sutherland (1974) - Visibility = Sorting Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 77
Historical Timeline Computer Graphics: 1960 -1970 • Wireframe graphics – Draw only lines • Sketchpad • Display Processors • Storage tube wireframe representation of sun object Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 78
Image Based Rendering • Appearance in available views is used to determine appearance in novel views. • Rendering is faster. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 79
Historical Timeline Computer Graphics: 1970 -1980 • Raster Graphics: Image produced as an array (the raster) of picture elements (pixels) in the frame buffer. • Allows to go from lines and wire frame images to filled polygons. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 80
Historical Timeline • 1970 s - raster graphics – Gouraud (1971) - Diffuse Lighting – Phong (1974) - Specular Lighting – Blinn (1974) - Curved Surfaces, Texture – Catmull (1974) - Z-buffer Hidden-surface Algorithm – Crow (1977) - Anti-aliasing Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 81
Historical Timeline Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 82
Historical Timeline • Early 1980 s - Global Illumination – Whitted (1980) - Ray Tracing – Goral, Torrance et al. (1984), Cohen (1985) - Radiosity – Kajiya (1986) - The rendering equation Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 83
Historical Timeline • Late 1980 s - Photorealism – Cook (1984) - shade trees – Perlin (1985) - shading languages – Hanrahan and Lawson (1990) - Render. Man Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 84
Historical Timeline • Early 1990 s - Non-photorealistic Rendering – Drebin et al. (1988), Levoy (1988) - Volume Rendering – Haeberli (1990) - Impressionistic Paint Programs – Salesin et al. (1994 -) - Automatic Pen-and-ink illustration – Meier (1996) - Painterly Rendering Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 85
Historical Timeline • Early 1990 s - Non-photorealistic Rendering – Drebin et al. (1988), Levoy (1988) - Volume Rendering – Haeberli (1990) - Impressionistic Paint Programs – Salesin et al. (1994 -) - Automatic Pen-and-ink illustration – Meier (1996) - Painterly Rendering Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 86
Historical Timeline • Late 1990 s • Special purpose hardware – Silicon Graphics geometry engine • VLSI implementation of graphics pipeline • Industry-based standards – PHIGS – Render. Man • Networked graphics: X Window System • Human-Computer Interface (HCI) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 87
Historical Timeline Computer Graphics: 1990 -2000 • Open. GL API • Completely computer-generated featurelength movies (Toy Story) are successful • New hardware capabilities – Texture mapping – Blending – Accumulation, stencil buffers Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 88
Historical Timeline Computer Graphics: 2000 -2010 • Photorealism • Graphics cards for PCs dominate market – Nvidia, ATI • Game boxes and game players determine direction of market • Computer graphics routine in movie industry: Maya, Lightwave , adobe after effects, 3 D Studio Max , Corel Draw , Direct. X, … • Programmable pipelines • New display technologies Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 89
Historical Timeline Generic Flat Panel Display Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 90
Historical Timeline Computer Graphics 2011 • Graphics is now ubiquitous( ) ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ – Cell phones – Embedded • Open. GL ES and Web. GL • Alternate and Enhanced Reality • 3 D Movies and TV Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 91
Thank You End Questions ? Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018 92
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