The Muslim World 622 1629 CE Rise of
- Slides: 34
The Muslim World (622 -1629 CE) -Rise of Islam -Islam Spreads -Golden Age of Muslim Civilization
Rise of Islam • Where? Islam emerged in the Arabian Peninsula (many deserts & trade centers) • Geography – Oasis: ______________ (makes farming possible) – Bedouins occupied Arabia (_______) • Key trading town= Mecca – Market town, pilgrimage center, & home of the Kaaba
The Prophet Muhammad • Born in Mecca in 570 CE: Started as a shepherd, became a merchant, & ran successful caravan business • At age 40 heard Gabriel & set out as messenger of God – Supported by wife Khadija • 622 CE Muhammad left on journey aka hijra (Mecca to Medina) – TURNING PT in Islam began to spread
Teachings of Islam • Monotheistic • Quran= sacred text – God is all powerful & compassionate – People responsible for their actions – Complete guide to life – Converts learn to read in Arabic • Five Pillars (5 basic duties) – – – Declaration of faith Daily prayer Charity to poor Fasting during Ramadan Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) • “People of the Book”: share the same God of Judaism & Christianity – Islam is final & complete revelation
Dome of the Rock & jihad • Dome of the Rock: Jerusalem (690 s CE) – Holy site in Islamic world • Jihad: struggle in God’s service – Seen as a 6 th duty (spiritual effort & warfare)
Islam-religion & way of life • Sharia: body of law that interprets & applies teachings of Quran – Regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices & gov’t – NOT separate from criminal & civil law • Spiritual equality of men & women – Protection of women under law (inheritance, marriage, education) – Women had less rights than men in daily life
Caliphs & Conquests • Caliph: ____________ • Abu Bakr = 1 st caliph after Muhammad’s death – Crisis surfaced after Muhammad’s death – Reunited Arabs on allegiance to Islam Lands conquered under the first four caliphs: Byzantine empire, Syria, Palestine, Persian empire, Egypt, areas of North Africa, Spain
• Reasons for success: 1)Byzantine & Persian empires weak 2) Welcomed as liberators in Fertile Crescent 3) Bedouin camel & horse cavalry stronger than traditional armies 4) Common faith created a unified state • Conquered people allowed to practice their own religion & laws Taxed if non-Muslim Many converted to Islam—no religious hierarchy or priests (EQUALITY) • Europe—Spain served as an important center for Muslim growth Arts & learning thrived, religious tolerance, grand architecture, palace in Granada, culture thrived in Sicily
Division! • Divisions occurred after Muhammad's death – Two main divisions: Sunni & Shiite – Disagreed on Muhammad's successor • Sunni: caliph chosen by leaders of Muslim community (leader NOT religious authority) • Shiite: successors must be descendants of Muhammad's daughter & son-in-law (Fatima & Ali) – Leaders divinely inspired
Division (cont) • Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law)= 4 th caliph – Assassinated 661 CE by Sunni – Viewed as martyr • Division exists today—differences in religious practice, law, daily life – 90% Sunni – Most Shiites live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen • Sufism: Muslim mystics that use meditation & fasting
Empire of the Caliphs • Umayyads • Abbassids • Decline of the Caliphate
Empire of Caliphs • Umayyad Family (750 CE): faced problems – Adapt from desert to city life, relied on local officials, economic tensions, problems w/ Shiites, social unrest among non-Arab converts • Abbassid Dynasty (750 -1258 CE): began w/ Abu al. Abbas – Killed the Umayyad family – Ended Arab dominance, made Islam universal religion, empire reached greatest wealth, civilization experienced a golden age
Baghdad • Abbassid caliph al-Mansur • “City of Peace, Gift of God, Paradise on Earth” • City filled with gardens, mosques, market courtyards, palace of the caliph – Symbol of wealth and splendor
Decline of the Caliphate(broken power 850 CE) • Caliph's power declined & civil wars erupted → chaos w/ invasions (900 -1400 CE) • Seljuk Turks (900 s CE): built empire across Fertile Crescent – 1055 CE sultan controlled Baghdad & b/g to threaten Byzantine empire • Crusades: Salah al-Din took control of Jerusalem 1187 CE
Mongols • Genghis Khan (1216 CE) led Mongols from Central Asia across Persia & Mesopotamia – Hulagu (1258 CE) burned & looted Baghdad, killed last Abbassid caliph – Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) led armies into Middle East • Goal: conquer Muslim & non-Muslim lands • Led to fragmented power***
Society in the Golden Age • Diverse cultures united (Arabs, Persians, Egyptians, other Africans, Europeans) • Social mobility________ – Improve social rank through religious, scholarly, or military achievements – How is this different from medieval Europe? • Slavery a common custom—brought from conquered lands (Muslims could not be enslaved) – Freedom w/ conversion & marriage – Many bought freedom
Economy in the Golden Age • Extensive Trading (750 -1350 CE): spread Islam, technology and goods – Camel caravans aka “ships of the desert” • Traveled across Sahara into W Africa – Traders traveled Silk Road – Monsoons carried ships from E Africa to India – Addition of Arabic numerals, sugar, papermaking, banks, partnerships, bank checks (sakk)
Economy (cont) • Guilds org manufacturing – Most labor by wage workers – Goods produced: swords, leather, cotton textiles, carpets, glassware & furniture • Agriculture flourished – Sugar cane, cotton, dyes, herbs, fruits, vegetables & flowers *massive irrigation systems drained swamplands to provide farming in arid land—olives, grain & dates*
Arts & Literature of Golden Age • Quran banned worship of idols = no artists could portray God or human figures in religious art – Arabesque: rugs, textiles, glassware, ceilings – Calligraphy: art of beautiful handwriting • Architecture: adaptation of domes & arches – Dome of the Rock, domed mosques, minarets
Literature (cont) • Arabs had tradition of oral poetry & Bedouin musical verses – Themes of chivalry, dangers, glories, and romance • Rabiah al-Adawiyya: Sufi mysticism & worship of God w/o reward • Firdawsi: Shah Namah (Book of Kings) tells history of Persia • Omar Khayyam: The Rubaiyat, poems on fate & nature of life • Famous tale Thousand One Nights – Princess Scheherezade – “Aladdin and His Magic Lamp” & “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”
Learning in the Golden Age • Muhammad could not read or write, but encouraged advances in learning • Baghdad b/c greatest center of learning – Boys & girls received elementary edu – Adv in philosophy, mathematics, medicine & translated lang • Ibn Rushd: tried to harmonize Islam w/ reason • Ibn Khaldun: scientific study of history & trusted sources
Learning (cont) • Al-Khwarizmi: pioneered the study of algebra & wrote standard textbook – Astronomical tables paved way for Columbus • Medicine improved – Docs had to pass test, gov't hospitals w/ emergency room, surgery, flavored meds • Ibn Sina: Doc at 16 yrs, Canon on Medicine (encyclopedia for diagnosis & treatment & prescriptions)
Muslims in India • “The whole of India is full of gold and jewels. . . And since the inhabitants are chiefly infidels and idolaters, by the order of God and his Prophet, it is right for us to conquer them. ” advisers of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni – 1001 Mahmud created a Muslim center in India
Delhi Sultanate (1206 -1526 CE) • 711 CE Arabs conquered Indus Valley • 1000 CE Muslim Turks pushed further into India – 1100 s CE sultan of Ghur made Delhi capital • Successors organized sultanate aka ____________________ • Start of Muslim rule in India as many converted to Islam – Reason: __________________
Muslim Rule • Trade b/t India and Muslim world increased • Increase of Greek & Persian learning • 1398 CE Tamerlane invaded India – Destroyed Delhi – Artisans enslaved – Sultans lost control & power divided b/t Hindus and Muslims
Muslim vs Hindu India • Hinduism – Ancient religion – Many sacred texts w/ many gods • Prayed to statues – Caste system – Celebrated w/ music & dance • Islam – New religion – One sacred text & monotheistic • Statues offensive – Equality of all believers – Condemned celebration w/ music & dance
Interactions • Hindus viewed as second class citizens – Paid tax & could practice religion – Many converts b/c Islam rejected caste system • Merchants converted b/c trade network • Muslims also adopted Hindu culture – Marriage & caste ideas – Urdu ( lang of Persian, Arabic & Hindi) – Use of India music & dance • Sikhism: blend of Islamic & Hindu beliefs
Ottoman Empire • Ottomans: nomadic, Turkish speaking, in Asia Minor • Most capable ruler: _______ • “Lawgiver” • Four classes of people • Janizaries: _________
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