The Muslim World Expands Chapter 18 Section 1

The Muslim World Expands Chapter 18

Section 1 -The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

The Turks Move into Byzantium • Ghazis-Anatolian Turks who saw themselves as warriors for Islam • Ottomans-Followers of Osman who was considered the most successful of the ghazis – Achieved military success with the aid of gun powder – Some of the 1 st people to use cannons

The Turks Move into Byzantium • Sultan-Meaning ‘overlord’ or “one with power” • Life under the Ottomans – Used local officials appointed by the sultan to rule conquered areas – Muslims served in the Turkish army and pay religious taxes – Non-Muslims did not have to serve in the army but paid a small tax in return

The Turks Move into Byzantium • Timur the Lame– Received the nickname after taking an arrow to the leg – Burned Baghdad to the ground – Crushed the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara (1402)

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion • Mehmed II– Nicknamed Mehmed the Conqueror – Attacked Constantinople • Fired a 1, 200 lb bolder out of a 26 -foot gun and ships • After conquering the city he renamed it Istanbul opened it up to Christians, Jews, Muslims, Turks and non. Turks

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion • Suleyman the Lawgiver– Ruled for 46 years – Created penalties for various criminal acts, bureaucratic and financial corruption – Also introduced the concept of a balanced budget to governments

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion • Suleyman the Lawgiver– Studied poetry, history, geography, astronomy, mathematics and architecture – B/c of Islamic law he was tolerant of other religions – Supported art and literature

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion • Devshirme System-System where members of the sultan’s army were drafted from the Christian boys of conquered territories. – Converted them to Islam and educated them • Janissaries-Elite force of 30, 000 soldiers trained to be loyal only to the sultan.

Section 3 -The Mughal Empire in India

Early History of the Mughals • Mughals-Term meaning “Mongols” – Group of nomadic invaders in Central Asia • 1494 -Babur inherits the kingdoms of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan at the age of 11 – Swept down into India and laid the foundations for the Mughal Empire

Early History of the Mughals • Akbar-Ruled India from 1556 to 1605 – Babur’s grandson – Ruled with wisdom and tolerance – Created his own religion the “Divine Faith” • He offended Muslims so much that they tried to revolt against him in 1581

Early History of the Mughals • Art and Literature– Illustrated books flourished • Miniatures-Small highly detailed, colorful paintings – Hindu literature also saw a resurgence during Akbar’s time

Akbar’s Successors • Shah Jahan– Killed anyone who got in his way of being king – Had two great passions in life: • Beautiful buildings • His wife Mumtaz Mahal – Sadly she died at age 39 while giving birth to their 14 th child

Akbar’s Successors • Taj Mahal-Towering marble dome built as a memorial to Mumtaz Mahal following her death – Referred to as the most beautiful building in the world

Akbar’s Successors • Aurangzeb– Shah Jahan’s 3 rd son • Took power when Shah became sick – Expanded the Mughal Empire to it’s greatest size – Oppressed the people • Strict Islamic law banned gambling, drinking, and other vices • Taxed non-Muslims and was cruel to Hindus

The Empire’s Decline and Decay • Reasons for the Empire’s Decline– Aurangzeb had drained it’s resources – 2 million people died of hunger – As central power weakened the power of local lords grew – The power of western traders began to increase