THE INFLUENCE OF THE ATTACK TEMPO ON THE

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ATTACK TEMPO ON THE TYPE OF BLOCK IN HIGH-LEVEL MEN’S VOLLEYBALL Raúl Hileno, Cristòfol Salas, & Bernat Buscà 1

INTRODUCTION Attack tempo is the elapsed time between the setting touch and the attack hit (Fernández, Salas, & Molina, 2009). Fernández, M. , Salas, C. , & Molina, J. J. (2009). Technical and tactical variations in the blocking of zero attacks considering contextual variables: the influence of the scoreboard in volleyball. Kronos, 8(14), 71– 78. 2

INTRODUCTION Attack tempo is one of the main variables in the game because it’s a determinant factor for the block cohesiveness and the attack efficacy (Afonso & Mesquita, 2011). Afonso, J. , & Mesquita, I. (2011). Determinants of block cohesiveness and attack efficacy in high-level women’s volleyball. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(1), 69– 75. 3

INTRODUCTION Data Volley System (Data Project, Bologna, Italy, release 3. 4. 2) includes attack tempo in its category system. Attack tempo 4

INTRODUCTION The different user manuals of this software unclear with the criteria to distinguish quick, fast, and high attacks. 5

INTRODUCTION Fernández et al. (2009) propose three criteria to define the attack tempo categories: 3) thetrajectory interaction(maximum between and block. 2) Observe the relationship betweenattack set and 1) Examine Control the height) ofattack. the setting pass. Fernández, M. , Salas, C. , & Molina, J. J. (2009). Technical and tactical variations in the blocking of zero attacks considering contextual variables: the influence of the scoreboard in volleyball. Kronos, 8(14), 71– 78. 6

INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present study was to analyse the relationship between attack tempo and type of block in high-level men’s volleyball. Thus, we expected to determine: 1) The time intervals when the different types of block are significantly formed. 2) A temporal threshold to differentiate fast and high attacks of the outside hitters. 7

METHODS Observational design Type of data Idiographic Event-base Punctual Sequential Concurrent I Event II Multi-event T 12 T 18 T 14 T 04 … DB. HB. Follow-up Time-base III IV State/Interval Timed-event F/N/M Nomothetic Blanco, A. , Losada, J. L. , & Anguera, M. T. (2003). Data analysis techniques in observational designs applied to the environmentbehaviour relation. Medio Ambiente y Comportamiento Humano, 4(2), 111– 126. Bakeman, R. , & Gottman, J. M. (1992). Observing interaction: an introduction to sequential analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 8

METHODS Participants • 15 volleyball matches (57 sets) from the 2010 Men’s Pan. American Cup held in San Juan (Puerto Rico). • 9 national teams: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA, and Venezuela. • 1451 multi-events (attack-block interactions). 9

METHODS Observational instrument 1) Attack tempo = 21 categories: 0. 2 to 2. 2 s. 2) Type of block = 5 categories (Data Volley System): No block Single Hole Double Triple 10

METHODS Procedures and material The matches were recorded using a digital camcorder (JVC Everio GZ-MG 630) at 25 FPS. 11

METHODS Procedures and material Frame-by-frame analysis was performed using Kinovea video analysis software (Charmant & Contrib. , Bordeaux, France, release 0. 8. 15). 12

METHODS Procedures and material Multi-events were recorded using MS Excel 2007 and were analysed using SDIS-GSEQ statistical software (Bakeman & Quera, Atlanta, GA, EUA, release 5. 1). 13

METHODS Statistical analysis • The adjusted residual for each cell of the contingency table was computed. A z-score greater than 1. 96 indicated that the relationship between • The relationship between attack a given and a target category was tempo and type of block criteria was significant. assessed using Pearson’s chi-square tests for independence. Statistical significance was set at P < 0. 05. 14

RESULTS • There was a relationship between attack tempo and type of block criteria ( 2 = 718. 50, P < 0. 01). • Twenty-two significant relationships were found between the given and the target categories (Z > 1. 96, P < 0. 05): 0. 4, 0. 8 – 0. 9 s No block 0. 2 – 0. 9 s 1. 0 – 1. 2 s 1. 3 – 1. 8 s 1. 6 – 1. 8 s Single Hole Double Triple 15

DISCUSSION Quick attacks of the middle hitters: 0. 3 – 0. 5 s Fast attacks of the outside hitters: 0. 6 – 1. 2 s High attacks of the outside hitters: 1. 3 s onwards (Selinger & Ackermann-Blount, 1992) (Selinger & Ackermann-Blount, 1992; Zimmermanm, 1993) (Zimmermanm, 1993) No block Single Hole Double Triple Non-cohesive blocks + jump settings in ideal zones Cohesive blocks + settings in non- + attack simulations by the middle hitters ideal zones + non-simulations by the (Afonso, Mesquita, Marcelino, & Da Silva, 2010) middle hitters (Afonso et al. , 2010) Afonso, J. , Mesquita, I. , Marcelino, R. , & Da Silva, J. A. (2010). Analysis of the setter’s tactical action in high-performance women’s volleyball. Kinesiology, 42(1), 82– 89. Selinger, A. , & Ackermann-Blount, J. (1992). Power volleyball. Paris: Vigot. Zimmermann, B. (1993). Main characteristics of defense (block, court defense, counterattack) in top volleyball. International Volley Tech, 1(93), 9– 16. 16

CONCLUSIONS Cohesive blocks Non-cohesive blocks No-block Single Hole Double Triple Quick/Fast attacks High attacks 0. 2 – 1. 2 s 1. 3 s onwards Temporal threshold 17

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION Raúl Hileno, Cristòfol Salas, & Bernat Buscà THE INFLUENCE OF THE ATTACK TEMPO ON THE TYPE OF BLOCK IN HIGH-LEVEL MEN’S VOLLEYBALL 18