The Industrial Revolution Chapters 19 and 21 Aim

The Industrial Revolution Chapters 19 and 21

Aim • Students will be able to identify and describe the causes of the Industrial Revolution.

Questions to answer: 1. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin? 2. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? 3. What was its overall impact on society?

Life Changes • In 1750 - most people had land worked the land using simple tools • People made their own clothes by hand • People did not travel, or if they did, they did not travel far. • People used horse drawn carriages • In contrast: people in 1850 had land worked in factories, had manufactured clothing, and were able to travel further.

Advancements • Between 1830 -1855 an American dentist was the first to use an anesthetic- drug that prevents pain during surgery. • Skyscrapers

Improvements in farming • Second Agricultural Revolution brought great advancements of farming and farming products. • Educated farmers began to exchange news about experiments they have tried. • New methods of crop rotation • Lord Charles Townshend- urged farmers to grow turnips • Jethro Tull- invented a new seed drill

Enclosure Increases • Enclosure- the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers • By 1700 s- they wanted to create larger fields that could be cultivated more efficiently. • British Parliament facilitated enclosures through legislation • As millions of acres were enclosed, farm output rose and so did profit. • Many farm laborers were thrown out of work • People moved to cities to get jobs working in factories

Population Multiplies • Agricultural revolution contributed to the rapid of the population • Why was there a population increase? • Agricultural revolution reduced the risk of death from famine • Surplus of food • People ate better= people were healthier

New Technology • One vital source of energy was coal- used to develop the steam engine • 1712 - Thomas Newcomen- developed the steam engine • James Watt made Newcomen’s invention more efficient • Production of iron- used to make machines and buildings

Section 2: Britain Leads the Way

Why Britain? • Had the advantage of plentiful natural resources and natural ports • Rivers supplied water power for construction of canals • Canals increased trade • Communication and transportation were prevalent • Had skilled workers who wanted to expand production

Effects of Demand Capital • The British economy was beginning to prosper • Business class had capital- money used to invest in enterprises • Enterprises- business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories • Britain had a stable government which supported economic growth • Entrepreneurs- those who managed and assummed the financial risks of starting new businesses.

Textile Industry • • The Industrial Revolution first began in the textile industry Took their inspiration from India’s cotton cloth Britain wanted to take India’s cotton cloth industry home Putting-out system- cottage industry- raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread

The Age of Iron and Coal • Iron was needed to create machines and engines • Fuel to create was running out- trees • Turn to coal

Inventions Sped Up Production • Putting-out system took a very long time • In America, inventor Eli Whitney invented a machine called the cotton gin that helped to separate seed from raw cotton to speed up the pace

Factories Are Born • New machines were large and needed room • They were too large and expensive to operate at home • Originally they were in sheds near rivers- they used water power to run • Eventually they required more and more workers and the sheds became larger

Transportation Revolution • As production increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods to move goods from place to place • Used turnpikes- private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll to use them • Goods traveled faster • Canals- water transportation • Locomotives- the use of steam-powered rails. Today we know them as railroads.

Chain reaction • Once inventors developed machines that could produce large qualities of goods more efficiently, prices fell. • Lower prices made goods more affordable and created more consumers who further fed the demands for goods.

Section 3: Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Urbanization • Urbanization- movement of people to cities • People would suffer with dangerous conditions like dangerous working and living conditions, unsafe, unsanitary, overcrowded housing, poverty • Population increased in the cities • Where did the cities spring up?

New Social Classes Emerged • The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with the working class • Middle class: owned and operated the new factories, mines, railroads, and other industries. Lifestyle was more comfortable than working class. • Working class: packed into tiny rooms, lived in tenements, no running water or sanitation, garbage was on the street

Working Conditions • Men, women, and children worked 12 -16 hours a day • Machines were very dangerous

Women and Children • Women were more desirable than men • Paid less • Adapted more easily • Children: • Originally children were used to work on farms • Had small hands which could be used to do delicate work and to fix machines

Labor Unions • Labor unions- worker organizations • Rallied for better working conditions and better pay

Industrial Revolution and Religion • Methodism • John Wesley- stressed the need for a personal sense of faith • Methodism promised forgiveness of sin and a better life to come • Attempted to rekindle hope among the working poor • Read the Bible

Section 4: New Ways of Thinking • Thomas Malthus: • British economist • Theory: poverty was unavoidable due to the population increase • Looked to natural laws that governed the world of business and economics • Malthus believed the population would outpace the food supply • Urged families to have fewer children • Did not want healthcare for the poor • He was wrong!! The food supply grew faster than the population

Laissez-Faire • Adam Smith- Hands off! • Free Market Economy- the economy would produce more goods at lower prices making them affordable to everyone

David Ricardo • Believed the working class would never escape poverty • Also believed that wage increased were not necessary because they would never help people cover their basic necessities • Did not want the government to help the poor

Utilitarian • Jeremy Bentham believed the goal of society should be the “greatest happiness for the greatest number” • Supported individual freedom • Believed the government should be involved • John Stewart Mill also believed in individual freedom

Utopian • Robert Owen • No difference between rich and poor • Had a “model community” in New Lanark, Scotland where everyone in society worked and shared all property

Communism • System of government led by a small elite where they controlled all economic and political life • Argued that there was “the history of class struggles” between the “haves” and the “have-nots” • Haves- owned and controlled the means of production and ultimately controlled the wealth • Have-nots- proletariat- working class • Workers would take control of the means of production and set up a classless society- end all struggles

Marxism • Never actually practices • Social democracy- a political ideology where there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system • Flawed view of government/economy • By the end of the 20 th century, few nations were communist governments, almost all countries follow freemarket capitalism.