Sports As a Reflection of Society Angela Lumpkin

Sports As a Reflection of Society Angela Lumpkin University of Kansas

Three Goals of this Session Ø To analyze the importance of and possibly challenge perceptions about the status of sport in American society Ø To explore whether sports develop or reflect character and other societal values Ø To examine the impact of commercialized sports on values using several sociological factors, including race and gender To answer this question: Do sports lead or reflect societal values?

A Cheating Culture Pervades Society as It Condones Ø Cheating on tests, income taxes, spouses, and bosses Ø Lying to gain advantage Ø Stealing from employers and others Why: Personal benefit, regardless of who may be adversely affected.

The Pursuit of Fame and Fortune in Society Ø The aspiration to get into the most prestigious universities Ø The quest for power and status by politicians Ø The greed of corporate executives, lawyers, and accountants The emphasis is on “me first, ” self-promotion, and a “winner-take-all” approach. Bernard Madoff

Recent Examples of The Cheating Culture Ø 2004 — Martha Stewart convicted of insider trading and sent to prison Ø 2005 — Bernie Ebbers, CEO of World. Com, convicted of accounting and securities fraud Ø 2006 — Enron’s Kenneth Lay convicted of securities fraud, conspiracy, insider trading, and making false statements to auditors Ø 2008 — Bernard Madoff arrested for financial fraud in the largest Ponzi scheme ever Ø 2009 — Rod Blagojevich, governor of Illinois, ousted for his arrogant abuse of power Ø 2009 — Former Senator Tom Daschle failed to pay more than $128, 000 in income taxes

Recent Examples of The Cheating Culture in Sports Ø 2001 — George O’Leary resigned as the head football coach at Notre Dame after it was found he had lied on his resume. Ø 2005 — Several baseball players lied to Congress about their use of performanceenhancing drugs. Ø 2007 — During their game, New England Patriots Coach Bill Belichick directed his staff to videotape the defensive signals of the New York Jets Ø 2008 — Helio Castroneves, a two-time winner of the Indianapolis 500, indicted for income tax evasion. Ø 2009 — Florida State University received several sanctions for a cheating scandal involving 61 athletes in 10 sports.

Is there a pattern of behavior that shows that sports reflect societal values?

Why Are Sports So Important in the United States? Ø Enjoyable use of leisure time Ø Entertainment Ø Social bonding Ø Winning is rewarded Ø An enriching part of education Ø Incessant promotion and telecasting by the media Ø Praised for teaching character and moral values

Sports as Entertainment Ø Can sports be defined as athletic competitions promoted through extravagant presentations for the purpose of entertaining audiences in person and electronically? Ø Do sport journalists describe sports as entertainment in ways that reflect people’s cultural, economic, and moral values?

Social Bonding while Cheering for our Favorite Teams Ø Families schedule their lives and budgets around sports. Ø Friends and families socialize in and around sporting events Ø Tailgating at football games Ø Sports bars Ø Fantasy leagues

Winning Is Richly Rewarded Sports Illustrated’s Richest Athletes in 2008 #1 Tiger Woods earned $127, 902, 706 #3 Le. Bron James earned $40, 455, 000 #6 Alex Rodriguez earned $35, 000 #9 Peyton Manning earned $30, 500, 000 #11 Dale Earnhardt, Jr. earned $27, 221, 970

Winning in Sports Brings Status and Monetary Rewards Ø Millions are seeking after the elusive dream of “making it” as an athlete.

National Championships for Young Athletes Age Group Gender Sponsoring Organization National Championship 6 years and under boys; girls Callaway Golf (a golf equipment company) Callaway Junior World Golf Championship 8 years and under boys; girls Amateur Athletic Union Basketball National Championships 8 years and under boys; girls United States Tennis Association U. S. Open Junior Tennis Championships 8 -11 years with weight limits boys Pop Warner Football Junior Pee Wee Pop Warner Super Bowl 8 -11 years girls Pop Warner Cheer and Dance Junior Pee Wee Cheer and Dance Championships 9 years and under boys; girls Amateur Athletic Union Junior Olympic Swimming Meet 9 years and under boys; girls US Club Soccer Youth World Series 9 years and under boys; girls Youth Basketball of America National Championships 9 -12 years boys; girls Little League Baseball World Series 9 -12 years girls Little League Softball World Series 10 years and under girls Amateur Athletic Union Girls Junior National Volleyball Championships 10 years and under boys; girls Babe Ruth League Cal Ripken Baseball 10 -Year-Old World Series

What Is the Likelihood of Becoming an Olympic, Professional, Intercollegiate, or Interscholastic Athlete? Ø US population — over 306 million Ø Just over 7 million high school athletes Ø Less than 500, 000 college athletes Ø Approximately 10, 000 professional athletes Ø Less than 800 Olympic athletes

Estimated Probability of Competing in Athletics beyond the High School Interscholastic Level (NCAA, 2007) Student-Athletes Men's Basketball Women's Basketball Football Baseball Men's Ice Hockey Men's Soccer High School Student Athletes 546, 335 452, 929 1, 071, 775 470, 671 36, 263 358, 935 High School Senior Student Athletes 156, 096 129, 408 306, 221 134, 477 10, 361 102, 553 NCAA Student Athletes 16, 571 15, 096 61, 252 28, 767 3, 973 19, 793 NCAA Freshman Roster Positions 4, 735 4, 313 17, 501 8, 219 1, 135 5, 655 NCAA Senior Student Athletes 3, 682 3, 355 13, 612 6, 393 883 4, 398 44 32 250 600 33 76 Percent High School to NCAA 3. 0% 3. 3% 5. 7% 6. 1% 11. 0% 5. 5% Percent NCAA to Professional 1. 2% 1. 0% 1. 8% 9. 4% 3. 7% 1. 7% Percent High School to Professional 0. 03% 0. 02% 0. 08% 0. 45% 0. 32% 0. 07% NCAA Student Athletes Drafted

Do Sports Build Character? Athletes potentially can learn Ø Respect for opponents, teammates, and officials Ø Self-confidence Ø Self-discipline Ø Sportsmanship Ø Teamwork Ø Mental toughness Ø How to win and lose with class Ø Life skills and life lessons

Goals of Sports Young athletes: Ø Have fun Ø Learn sports skills Ø Learn life lessons of character High school athletes: College athletes: Ø Develop sports skills Ø Achieve their potential in Ø Broaden sports educational experiences Ø Enrich educational Ø Develop experiences character Ø “Going professional in something other than sports”

Coaches and other Adults Can Ø Teach, model, shape, and reinforce values like honesty, respect, and responsibility Ø Help athletes learn to play by the letter and spirit of the rules — the epitome of sportsmanship

Myths and Truths in Youth Sports (Farrey, 2008) Myths Myth…The best athletes are those who work the hardest. Myth…Early, focused skills training makes a Tiger roar. Myth…America is the world’s athletics superpower. Myth…Organized competition breeds success. Myth…Children want to win. Myth…Athletic scholarships support amateurism. Myth…The poor benefit the most from college sports. Myth…Grade-school travel teams identify future stars. Myth…No national body coordinates grassroots sports. Myth…Children inevitably find their best sport. Myth…Money is pouring into youth sports. Myth…Media coverage drives up participation. Myth…Grassroots hoops has gotten too professional. Myth…Playing sports builds character. Truths The truth is…The elite often have innate, natural advantages. The truth is…In golf, sometimes; in most sports, no. The truth is…We’re the fattest nation—and it all starts in preschool. The truth is…Unstructured play is often more valuable. The truth is…They do, but it means far more to adults. The truth is…The lure of a payoff turns peewees into mini-pros. The truth is…Rich kids are far likelier to get roster spots. The truth is…They reward early bloomers, leaving the rest behind. The truth is…The U. S. Olympic Committee is supposed to. The truth is…Most are never exposed to sports they might excel at. The truth is…It is, but not in the communities that need it most. The truth is…Kids play a game — then they become fans. The truth is…The problem is it lacks a professional approach. The truth is…It depends on who runs, and who surrounds, the team.

Athletes Learn at an Early Age Ø The importance of doing whatever it takes to help win, as they Ø Cheat to gain competitive advantages Ø Taunt their opponents and use other gamesmanship ploys Ø Engage in harmful behaviors personally and against opponents Ø Display poor sportsmanship Are athletes who engage in such actions simply displaying the values that characterize families, peers, businesses, and society in general?

Did These Really Happen? A T-ball coach offered a player $25 if he would hit an autistic teammate in the face so that child would not have to be played in a play-off game. A father provided steroids and human growth hormones to his 13 -year old son who was a worldranked inline speed skater. A mother abandoned her daughter alongside an interstate highway after the daughter did not perform to the mother’s expectations in a soccer game.

Justify Actions by Saying Ø Everyone else does it. Ø This is the way the game is played. Ø Do anything you can get by with until the official calls it. Ø If you are not cheating, then you are not trying hard enough to win.

Commercialized Sports Are often Characterized by Ø Violence Ø Gambling Ø Drug abuse Ø Racial discrimination Ø Gender discrimination Ø Academic abuses Ø Recruiting abuses Ø Arms race

Tonya Harding’s cronies injured Nancy Kerrigan. V I O L E N C E Mitch Cozad, backup punter at Northern Colorado, convicted of assault for stabbing his rival’s kicking leg. A Massachusetts judge sentenced Thomas Junta to 6 -10 years in state prison for the beating death of Michael Costin, in a fight after a youth hockey practice in which the sons of both men participated.

Gambling Former MLB player Pete Rose Former NBA referee Tim Donaghy College basketball has been plagued with point -shaving scandals beginning in 1951 with 33 players from 7 colleges, in 1961 with 37 players from 22 colleges, Boston College in the 1970 s, Tulane University in the 1980 s, and Arizona State University and Northwestern University in the 1990 s.

Performance-Enhancing Drugs Ø Baseball players like Barry Bonds Ø Marion Jones stripped of Olympic medals and sentenced to prison

Racial Discrimination against African Americans in Sports Ø Were subjected to racial taunts, discriminatory treatment, exclusion, and bigotry Ø Exceptional athletically and academically, a few males were the first to integrate sports. William Lewis, Moses Walker, who played center played catcher for -rush for Harvard Oberlin College and University, was the University of the first named an Michigan in 1881 All-American in 1883, was the first to play at a Caucasian 1892 and 1893. institution.

Continued Racial Discrimination Ø Historically Black colleges and universities and segregated leagues Ø Subjected to: withheld from games; violence; exclusion with “gentleman’s agreements; ” stacking; and quotas John Mc. Clendon Oklahoma State’s Wilbanks Smith viciously hit Drake’s Johnny Bright in the face with his fist. All-American Paul Robeson

Confronting Racial Discrimination Ø Succeeding against Jesse Owens Alice Coachman Bill Garrett unbelievable odds Ø The watershed event of the 1966 NCAA men’s basketball championship game Ø Athletes fighting for their rights, such as through boycotts and demanding equitable treatment

Academic Exploitation of African Americans in Sports Ø Post-World War II, they were Dexter Manley recruited mostly for their athletic skills. Ø Segregated schools, non-collegepreparatory curricula, and socioeconomic factors led to poor academic preparation for college. Ø Many majored in eligibility rather than obtained college degrees.

Heisman Trophy Ø Of the 74 recipients since 1935, 27 have been African Americans (Archie Griffin counted twice); Ernie Davis (Syracuse) was first (1961). Ø By decades, there were 3 African Americans in the 1960 s, 7 in the 1970 s, 8 in the 1980 s, 7 in the 1990 s, and 2 since 2000. Ø Twenty-one (or 78%) of the African American winners were running backs. Out of the 47 Caucasians, 24 were quarterbacks; 3 of the African Americans played this position. ØAn analysis of the recipients of the Heisman Trophy suggests these conclusions: ØAfrican American football players were denied opportunities to compete at the highest competitive level between 1935 and 1960 or were deemed undeserving of this recognition. ØAn African American who played running back had a much greater chance of being selected for this honor. ØDuring the 1970 s through 1990 s, the best college football player was most likely an African American.

Relative to the Heisman Trophy, was football leading or reflecting society?

College Basketball Players of the Year Males Ø 1966—Associated Press Ø 1969—Naismith Ø 1977—Wooden Females Ø 1981—Wade Ø 1983—Naismith Ø 2004—Wooden Ø African American males have been selected for one or more of these awards over 81% of the 43 years. Ø African American females have received at least one of these awards in all but five years since 1981.

Once given equal opportunities, African American males and females began to dominate college basketball.

Gender Discrimination in Sports Ø Historically, since sports have been the domain of male, females were largely excluded. Ø Basketball — thought to be too vigorous for the “weaker sex” Ø Courts divided into thirds from 1899 -1938 Ø Half-court games until 1970 in colleges The last sanctioned high school half-court game was played in 1995 in Oklahoma.

Alternative Sports for Females Ø Play days and sports days prevented the commercialized abuses of men’s athletics. Ø In 1923, the Women’s Division of the National Amateur Athletic Federation opposed international competition, favored play days for girls and women, and advocated for “a sport for every girl, and every girl in a sport. ”

Expanded Opportunities in Sports Ø The Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women beginning in 1971, and the organizations it replaced, set standards and policies for women’s athletics and offered national championships until 1982 when the NCAA took over women’s championships. 1976 — NJCAA began national championships for females. 1980 — NAIA began national championships for females.

Title IX and Beyond Ø Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Ø “…many Americans seemed to believe that new times required new laws, and most were unwilling to admit that the hundred-year-old equal protection clause afforded far greater protection that Title IX, perhaps because such an admission would indicate that the country and the courts had been violating the Constitution for more than a century. In the final analysis, however, Title IX gave women no new rights, but it inspired them to take advantage of those they already had. ”*(*Fields, p. 161)

Females in Intercollegiate Athletics in NCAA Institutions (Acosta & Carpenter, 2008) Year Average Number of Sports for Females Female Head Coaches of Women’s Teams Female Head Administrators of Women’s Programs 1972 not available Over 90% 1978 5. 61 58. 2% not available 1982 6. 59 52. 4% not available 1986 7. 15 50. 6% 15. 2% 1990 7. 24 47. 3% 15. 9% 1992 7. 09 48. 3% 16. 8% 1996 7. 53 47. 7% 18. 5% 2000 8. 14 45. 6% 17. 8% 2004 8. 32 44. 1% 18. 5% 2006 8. 45 42. 4% 18. 6% 2008 8. 65 42. 8% 21. 3%

Threats to Academic Integrity Ø Some athletes masquerade as students while chasing the elusive dream of playing at the next level. Ø Lies, dishonesty, and deceit have been used to keep athletes academically eligible. ØUniversity of Georgia (1981) ØUniversity of Minnesota (1999) ØUniversity of Tennessee (2000)

In Recruiting, Some Coaches Ø Creatively violate recruiting rules to gain competitive advantages. Ø Engage in cheating and lying to get the “blue chip” recruits. Ø Choose to cheat because of the pressures to win.

The Paradox of the Arms Race Bob Stoops Oklahoma football coach Ø Entice recruits with the biggest and best facilities Ø Pay winning coaches millions Zero Sum Game

Moral Justifications Used to Defend Unethical Actions in Sport and Society Ø Try to make it seem that the unethical action is really ethical, such as by claiming there is no rule against it, no one will ever know, or everyone else does it. Ø State that the action is not really unethical since no one was really harmed or no foul was called or penalty assessed. Ø Argue that while a rule was violated, the situation along with the amount of good accomplished overshadowed the small amount of harm; that is, the end justifies the means.

Sports Reflecting Societal Values Influence of money Unethical behaviors Winning at all costs

Sports Are a Reflection of Societal Values Ø While sports have been praised for leading positive societal changes, such as reducing discriminatory treatment of African Americans, today sports reflect society’s cheating culture. Ø Commercialized sports, especially as popularized by the media, entertain Americans, many of whom are obsessed by winning and cheer for athletes and coaches who do whatever it takes to win.

Questions or Comments?

Angela Lumpkin Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences University of Kansas Lawrence, KS 66045 -7567 E-mail: alumpkin@ku. edu Telephone: 785 -864 -0778 Thank-you for attending!

References Ø Acosta, V. R. , & Carpenter, L. J. (2008). Women in intercollegiate sport. A longitudinal, national study thirty one year update. Retrieved November 15, 2008, from www. acostacarpenter. org Ø Farrey, T. (2008). Game on: The all-American race to make champions of our children. New York: ESPN Books. Ø Fields, S. K. (2005). Female gladiators: Gender, law, and contact sport in America. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

References Ø Frank, R. (2004). Challenging the myth: A review of the links among college athletic success, student quality, and donations (pp. 136). Miami, FL: Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from www. knightfoundation. org/dot. Asset/131763. pdf Ø Lumpkin, A. (in press). Critical events: Historical overview of minorities (men and women) in college sports. In D. Brooks & R. Althouse (Eds. ). Racism in college athletics (3 rd ed). Morgantown, WVA: Fitness Information Technology, Inc.

References Ø Lumpkin, A. (in press). Modern sport ethics: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABCCLIO. Ø National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2007). Estimated probability of competing in athletics beyond the high school interscholastic level. Retrieved January 5, 2009, from www. ncaa. org/wps/ncaa? Content. ID=279