Reconstruction 1865 1877 Reconstruction 1865 1877 Lincolns 10

Reconstruction (1865 – 1877)

Reconstruction (1865 -1877) ► ► ► ► Lincoln’s 10% Plan Wade-Davis Bill 13 th Amendment Andrew Johnson Black Codes 14 th Amendment 15 th Amendment Freedmen’s Bureau Impeach Carpetbaggers Scalawags Sharecropping Ku Klux Klan Compromise of 1877

April 14, 1865—Lincoln Shot

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865) ►

The Assassin—John Wilkes Booth

The Assassination

Wanted!!

“Now He Belongs to the Ages”

The Execution of Four Co. Conspirators

RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR —THE AFTERMATH

Over 618, 000 Military Deaths During Civil War

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Property Damage in the South ►Atlanta— Aftermath of Sherman’s March

Property Damage – Atlanta

Property Damage—Atlanta—First Union Station, 1864

Property Damage in the South— Result of Sherman’s March

Property Damage in the South – The Aftermath of War and Emancipation § The devastated South Charleston, SC 1865 (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Property Damage in the South— Richmond, VA.

Property Damage in the South— North Carolina

Property Damage—North Carolina

Essential Question ► What was the impact of southern Reconstruction?

Reconstruction

State of the South

Questions of Reconstruction ► How to rebuild the South after the Civil War? ► How to readmit the Confederate states to the Union?

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan « 10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) * Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. * He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. * When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) « Proposed by Republicans in Congress Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) « Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). Congressman « Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. « Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Henry W. Davis (R-MD)

th 13 Amendment « Ratified in December, 1865. « Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. « Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. « ABOLISHED SLAVERY!!!

Andrew Johnson ► Democrat ► From Tennessee ► Remained loyal to the Union when TN seceded ► White supremacist

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan In order for a Confederate state to rejoin the Union they had to do the following: ► Write a new state Constitution ► Elect a new state government ► Repeal the act of secession ► Cancel all war debts against the Union ► Ratify the 13 th Amendment which abolished slavery. ►

President Johnson’s Plan « Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20, 000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) « In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. « Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. EFFECTS? 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Growing Northern Alarm! « Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. « Johnson granted 13, 500 special pardons. « Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

Black Codes « Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that slaves were emancipated. * Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. * Restrict freedom of freed slaves * Forced many freed slaves to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Black Codes ► Southern laws which limited African American rights in the South ► Intended to keep African Americans in a condition of slavery

The Black Codes ► The black codes served three purposes. ► 1 -To limit the rights of freedmen. ► After the war former slaves were given the right to marry, own property, work for wages, & sue in court. ► However they could not vote or serve on juries in the South.

The Black Codes ► 2 -To help planters find workers to replace their slaves. ► These codes required freedmen to work. ► If they did not have jobs they were arrested and hired out to planters.

The Black Codes ► 3 -To keep freedmen at the bottom of the social order in the South. ► Segregation in public places

Civil Rights Act of 1866 ► This act struck back at the Black Codes by declaring all freedmen to be full citizens with the same rights as whites. ► To ensure this act was followed Congress passed the 14 th Amendment, which declared former slaves to be citizens with full civil rights ► “No state, shall…deny to any person…the equal protection of the laws. ”

Radical Republicans ► Opposed plan ► Led Johnson’s by Thaddeus Stevens

Fourteenth Amendment ► June 1866 ► Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States

Military Reconstruction Act (1867) ► Passed by Congress ► Divided the South in five military districts ► Union general was in charge of each district

Military Reconstruction Act ► New state constitutions ► Right to vote for all males ► Must ratify the 14 th amendment

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 « Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. « Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. § Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. § A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War

Fifteenth Amendment ► March 1870 ► Right to vote cannot be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” ► Its purpose was to protect the right of African American men to vote.

Freedmen’s Bureau ► Need for food and shelter for freed slaves ► Many settled on plantation lands

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) « Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. « Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. « Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Bureau ► Task of feeding and clothing former slaves ► Find work for them ► Negotiate contracts ► Began labor education

Freedmen’s Bureau ► Helped poor whites as well ► Provided people medical care for over 1 million

Freedmen’s Bureau

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

Reconstruction Act (1867) Proposed by: Radical Republicans Conditions former Confederate states to rejoin Union: ► Must disband state governments. ► Must write new constitutions. ► Must ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. ► African Americans must be allowed to vote.

Impeachment of Johnson ► Johnson vetoed every policy from Congress ► Congress overrode his vetoes

Edwin Stanton ► Opposed Johnson’s lenient policies towards Southern states ► President Johnson tried to replace him ► Led House of Representatives to impeach Johnson

Impeachment of Johnson (1868) ► House of Representatives voted for his impeachment ► Senate trial ► Final put Johnson on vote – one vote shy of removing him from office

The Senate Trial « 11 week trial. « Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 s vote).

Johnson the Martyr / Samson If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the Union and the preservation of this government in its original purity and character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union. (February 1866)

Sharecropping ► New system for agriculture ► Tenant farmers paid rent with a share of their crops

Sharecropping ► Landlords – landowners who control sharecroppers ► Crop liens – crops taken to cover debts

Sharecropping ► Sharecroppers became trapped because farmers could not pay their debts ► Debt peonage

Sharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant § Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. § Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. § Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Tenant Farmer § Plants crop, harvests in autumn. § Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. § Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Landowner § Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Black & White Political Participation

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Blacks in Southern Politics « Core voters were black veterans. « Blacks were politically unprepared. « Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. « The 15 th Amendment guaranteed federal voting.

th 15 Amendment « Ratified in 1870. « The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. « The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. « Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

Voting restrictions for African Americans • Poll Taxes: required voters to pay a fee each time they voted… Freedmen could rarely afford to vote. • Literacy Tests: required voters to read in order to vote. Freedmen had little education. • Grandfather Clauses: If voters father or grandfather had been eligible to vote in 1867 the voter did not have to take the literacy test. This increased the number of eligible white voters.

Republican Rule

Republicans in the South ► By 1870, all former Confederate states had joined the Union ► Republicans held political power ► Included freed slaves, northerners, poor whites

Carpetbaggers ► Northerners moving into the South ► Became politics involved in

Scalawags ► White southerners who worked with Republicans and supported Reconstruction

African Americans ► First led by the educated ► Many who lived in the North and had fought for the Union army ► Became politics involved in

African Americans Vote ► Slowly Hiram Revels, the first African American elected to the U. S. Senate http: //bioguide. congress. gov/scripts/biodis play. pl? index=R 000166 Southern states held elections in which Freedmen voted ► These elections usually produced Republican state governments ► For the first time African Americans were elected to local, state and federal offices

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Ku Klux Klan ► Started in 1866 by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest ► Secret ► Mostly society former Confederate soldiers ► White Supremists

Goals of the KKK ► Drive out carpetbaggers ► Regain control of the South for the Democratic Party ► Use terror

Tactics of the KKK ► Broke up Republican meetings ► Harassed Freedmen’s Bureau workers ► Burned homes, churches, schools ► Kept Republicans (white and black) from voting

Letter to the U. S. Senate “We believe you are not familiar with the description of the Ku Klux Klan’s riding nightly over the country, going from county to county, and in the county towns spreading terror wherever they go by robbing, whipping, ravishing, and killing our people without provocation. . . We pray you will take some steps to remedy these evils. ”

Ku Klux Klan Act ► Passed in 1871 by Congress ► Outlawed activities of the Klan ► Federal arrests

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 « Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places. « Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. « Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. « No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years!

Compromise of 1877 ► 1876 – presidential election ► Republican – Rutherford B. Hayes ► Democrat Tilden – Samuel

Compromise of 1877 ► Election results disputed in three southern states ► Results decided by Congress ► Rutherford B. Hayes won with the support of southern Democrats

End of Reconstruction ► April 1877 ► Hayes pulled federal troops out of the Southern Democrats took control of all state legislatures ► The end of Reconstruction led to a drastic reduction of rights for African Americans ►

Jim Crow Laws ► Southern states create laws to segregate public space

Questions for Discussion ►What were the principal questions facing the nation at the end of the Civil War?

Questions to Consider ►What were the achievements of Reconstruction? ►Where did it fail and why?

Questions to Consider ►What new problems arose int eh South as the North’s interest in Reconstruction waned?

Questions to Consider ►What was the Compromise of 1877, and how did it affect Reconstruction?

Questions to Consider ►How did the New South differ from the South before the Civil War?