Becoming a World Power 1865 1917 Ch 20

Becoming a World Power, 1865 -1917 Ch. 20 Period 7 Part 1 (1890 -1945) AP U. S. History

Think About It Contrast American views on imperialism of the late 19 th and 20 th centuries. } Analyze how American imperialism of the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries maintained continuity or fostered change in American foreign policy since the Constitutional Period. }

Alaska Purchase (1867) } } Secretary of State William Seward (under both Lincoln and Johnson) “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” $7. 2 million (2 cents per acre) to Russia for 586, 412 sq. mi. Eventual discovery of gold and oil reserves

Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists } Proponents § § } Economic expansion Frontier is "closed" International prestige; competition Humanitarian efforts Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan § The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890) } Social Darwinism § Jingoism—nationalism w/ aggressive Jingoism foreign policy § “White Man’s Burden” § Reverend Josiah Strong } Insular Cases (1901 -1903) § Supreme Court ruled constitutional rights do not extend to territories § “Constitution does not necessarily follow the flag” Opponents § § § § Most from GOP Theodore Roosevelt (R) John Hay (R) James G. Blaine (R) Reasons § § } } } Mostly from Democratic Party Anti-Imperialist League Grover Cleveland (D) William Jennings Bryan (D) Samuel Gompers (AFL) Mark Twain Andrew Carnegie Jane Addams Reasons § Undemocratic; violated republicanism “consent of the governed” § Prevent influx of “inferior races” § U. S. foreign policy tradition of isolationism

Spanish-American War (1898) } Origins and Causes § Cuban revolt against Spanish empire Americans sympathize with Cubans American businesses and investments in danger § U. S. S. Maine docked at Havana Harbor (Feb. 15) 266 deaths “Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!” } Yellow Journalism (Yellow Journalism) § Joseph Pulitzer § William Randolph Hearst } War § Declaration of War (Apr. 21) Teller Amendment § U. S. promise Cuban independence, not annexation § Caribbean Theater Rough Riders § Pacific Theater Battle of Manila Bay

Sinking of the U. S. S. Maine – February 1898

Spanish-American War (1898) “A splendid little war. ” } Treaty of Paris } § American Acquisitions Puerto Rico Guam Philippines } Cuba § American military occupation (18981902) § Platt Amendment (1901) Treaties required American approval Guantanamo Bay naval base Intervention in Cuban affairs

Hawaii White Intrusion of Hawaii since mid-1800 s } Queen Liliuokalani } § § } Overthrown in 1893 President Cleveland denied annexation Annexation by U. S. (1898) § Strategic commercial and military location due to Spanish-American War

Why Hawaii?

The Philippines Philippine-American War (1899 -1902) } Atrocities } § Torture by both sides § Concentration camps } Casualties § 12, 000 -20, 000 Filipinos § 4, 165 Americans } Americanization § Freedom of religion § English as official language § Stays as US territory until 1946.

China } Open Door Policy § Secretary of State John Hay § Spheres of influence § Mutual economic policies among foreign powers, including the U. S. § Important for the U. S. relationships with east Asian countries in the future

Theodore Roosevelt (1901 -1909) Big Stick Policy } The Americas § Roosevelt Corollary U. S. right to intervene if: § Incapable of protecting American interests § Stabilize economies to prevent European influence § “Gunboat Diplomacy”: force Latin American countries to pay off debts to European creditors § Panama Canal Panamanian Revolution (1903) Panama Canal opened 1914 } Asian Policy § Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) } Great White Fleet (1907 -1909)

William Howard Taft (1909 -1913) Dollar Diplomacy } Encourage economic development infrastructure in Latin America and abroad § Administration of loans and financing § Railroad investments in China } Lodge Corollary (1912) § Senator Henry Cabot Lodge § Forbade any significant non. European foreign acquisition in Western Hemisphere

Woodrow Wilson (1913 -1921) Moral Diplomacy } Pursuit of non-expansionist policies and promote democratic governments § Despite military intervention in Haiti, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and Mexico } Mexico Revolution § Revolution in 1910 turned into civil war; Wilson refused to recognize new military dictatorship § U. S. intervenes diplomatically and militarily § Pancho Villa Expedition (19161917)