Reconstruction 1865 1877 1865 the end of the

Reconstruction, 1865 - 1877 • • • 1865, the end of the Civil War, to 1877, the Compromise of 1877 Rebuilding the nation after the Civil War tore it apart 3 phases: 1. Presidential- Lincoln and Johnson, goal- Union 2. Congressional- (Radical Reconstruction), attempted protection of Black rights 3. Redemption- White Democratic Southerners regained power through violent means

And now with my latest writing and utterance, and with Edmond what will [be] near to my latest breath, I here repeat, & would willingly proclaim, my unmitigated hatred to Yankee rule—to all political, social and business connections with Yankees, & to the perfidious, malignant, & vile Yankee race Florida Gov. John Milton Ruffin

Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen?

President Lincoln’s Plan « 10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) « 1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR. « Perpetual Union Theory: Never believed the South left the Union

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) « Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) « Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. « Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Congr. Henry W. Davis (R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) « “Iron-Clad” Oath. « “State Suicide” Theory. « “Conquered Provinces” Position. President Lincoln Po c k et Veto Wade-Davis Bill

13 th Amendment « Ratified in December, 1865. « Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. « Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) « Helped slaves adjust to freedom « Negotiated labor contracts « Set up schools for both races « Northerners risk lives, Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

Opposition to the Freedmen’s Bureau in a Penn. Newspaper

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South -Fisk -Howard -Hampton

President Andrew Johnson « Jacksonian Democrat. « Anti-Aristocrat. « White Supremacist. « Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. “Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) « Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20, 000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) « In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. « Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. EFFECTS? 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Andrew Johnson’s Pardons: Is this Reconstruction or Restoration?

• Pardon is an "executive forgiveness of crime"; commutation is an "executive lowering of the penalty. " Waldman: A "pardon wipes out the conviction while a commutation leaves the conviction intact but wipes out the punishment. " . . . Commutation is a form of clemency, used often by governors. • It's not necessary for someone to be charged or convicted of a crime to receive pardon. President Gerald Ford pardoned his predecessor, Gerald Ford Richard Nixon, in 1974, although Nixon had not been charged or convicted of a crime. Nixon resigned in August 1974 after the House Judiciary Committee approved two articles of impeachment against him.

Restoration States in 1865 • Elections to fill open seats • Elect 58 Confederate Congressmen, 8 CSA colonials, 4 CSA Generals, and the VP of the Confederacy, Alexander Stephens!

Growing Northern Alarm! « Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. « Johnson granted 13, 500 special pardons. « Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

Black Codes « Purpose: * * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. (replaced slave codes) « Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Slavery is Dead?

Congress Breaks with the President « Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. « Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. « February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill. « March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. « Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1 st in U. S. history!!

Memphis Riot, May 1 -2, 1866

New Orleans Riot 1866 “The more information I obtain. . . the more revolting it becomes. It was no riot; it was an absolute massacre by the police which was not excelled in murderous cruelty by that of Fort Pillow. ” Sheridan to Grant

th 14 Amendment « Ratified in 1868, accepting the amendment became a condition of Radical readmission into the Union « Citizenship Clause « Defined citizenship, anyone born in the US is a citizen « Overturned the Dred Scott v. Sanford case and Black Codes « Radical, no other nation in the Western Hemisphere ended slavery and then made those people full citizens with voting rights

« Equal Protection Clause « “No state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. ” « Legislated equality, all civil rights cases emanate from this clause, like Brown v. Board « Jim Crow laws got around this clause, like Plessy v. Ferguson « Women tried to use this clause to vote, Susan B. Anthony tried and was arrested « Due Process Clause « “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law” « Led to the incorporation of the Bill of Rights applying all those protections against state governments as well « State’s rights v. central government debate, the North won the Civil War and centralized more government power

The 1866 Bi-Election « A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. « Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. « Republicans won a 3 -1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

Radical Plan for Readmission « Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. « Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13 th and 14 th Amendments. « In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 « Military Reconstruction Act: « Command of the Army Act « Tenure of Office Act Bayonet Rule

The Tenure of Office Act « The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the army. « Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. « Question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment « Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. « Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. « The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial « 11 week trial. « Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 s vote).

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Waving the Bloody Shirt! “Soldiers, every scar you have on your heroic bodies was given you by a Democrat. Every scar, every arm that is lacking, every limb that is gone, is a souvenir of a Democrat. I want you to recollect it. . . ”

1868 Presidential Election

Grant Administration Scandals « Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * * * Credit Mobilier Scandal. Whiskey Ring. The “Indian Ring. ”

* Credit Mobilier Scandal. 5 Congressmen forced to resign

The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)

The Panic of 1873 « Caused Northerners to become more concerned about the economy than Reconstruction

Black “Adjustment” in the South: Is free simply the condition of not being a slave?

Sherman’s Special Field Order #15 • 40 acres and a mule promise • Latter overturned, land given back • Land redistribution never took place

Economic- Sharecropping

• • • Quasi serfdom Trapped many poor whites too More white sharecroppers by the Great Depression than African Americans

Freedmen Adjust • First thing many do was to wander the countryside looking for sold off family members • Rename to get rid of slave family name, i. e. George Washington Carver • Built black independent churches

Blacks in Southern Politics « Core voters were black Civil War veterans. « Most white southerners were unprepared to give Blacks political power. « Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. « The 15 th Amendment guaranteed federal voting.

The Balance of Power in Congress State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291, 000 411, 000 Miss 353, 000 436, 000 Louis 357, 000 350, 000 GA 591, 000 465, 000 AL 596, 000 437, 000 VA 719, 000 533, 000 NC 631, 000 331, 000 Colored Rule in a Reconstructed State ?

Black & White Political Participation

15 th Amendment « Ratified in 1870. « The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. « The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. « Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! Republicans motivated to protect black voting rights to win elections

• • African American Office Holding Hiram Revels – 1870 first African American in congress – Appointed senator from Mississippi – Replaced Jefferson Davis’s seat Mississippi Senator Blanche Bruce, elected 1875 Next Senators after Reconstruction: – In the North, Edward Brooke, 1966 elected to the Senate from Massachusetts – In the South, Tim Scott S. C. Republican 2013, appointed 14 members in Congress, Joseph Rainey SC 1870 first Next black House Representatives from the South after Reconstruction: – Andrew Young & Barbara Jordan, 1972 P. B. S. Pinchback, Governor Louisiana Governor Douglas Wilder, Governor of Virginia, 1990 -1994, first African American governor since Reconstruction 600 served in southern state legislatures

Black Senate & House Delegates Hiram Revels (Miss) & Blanche Bruce (Miss): 1 st black Senators

VI. Redemption • The rise of Southern control • The abandonment of Reconstruction

Ku Klux Klan & Carpetbaggers

Word Origins of the KKK • The Scots-Gaelic Sanas of Ku Klux Klan Cu Cleócach Clainn Cloaked heroes of the Clann Cu: Champion, hero. (Dwelly, Faclair Gaidhlig Gu Beurla, Gaelic-English Dictionary , p. 283 Cleóc, Cloak, mantle, cover or conceal Cleócach, adj. cloaked (pron. Klukah) Clann, gs. clainn: Offspring, descendants, children; tribe, family.

• During the evening the organization was perfected. Captain John B. Kennedy, on the committee to select a name mentioned one which he had considered, "Kukloi, " from the Greek word "Kuklos, " meaning a band or circle. James R. Crowe said, "Call is Ku Klux, " and no one will know what it means. John C. Lester said: "Add Klan as we are all Scotch-Irish descent. " • He then repeated the words: "Ku Klux Klan, " the first time these words ever fell from human tongue. The weirdness of the alliteration appealed to the mysterious with them; so the name was adopted with a feeling that they had chosen something which would excite the curiosity of their friends and carry out their idea of amusement, which most unexpectedly to them, proved a boon to Pulaski and the South.

The Failure of Federal Enforcement « Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. « “The Lost Cause. ” « The rise of the “Bourbons. ” « Redeemers (prewar Democrats and Union Whigs) people who want to take back white rule.

The South continued to fight the Civil War after the war, guerilla warfare Southern Politics • Republicans • Democrats – – – Freedmen Carpetbaggers Scalawags – Former Confederate soldiers – KKK – Most whites

Why did Northern Support Wane? « “Grantism” & corruption seen as wasteful. « Panic of 1873 [6 -year depression]. « Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars. « Tired after 12 years

1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election • Close election • 3 states contested, Florida, Louisiana, & South Carolina • Republicans claimed Blacks were not allowed to vote and contested the results • Dispute dragged on to the next year

The Political Crisis of 1877 « “Corrupt Bargain” Part II?

A Political Crisis: The Compromise of 1877 Democrats agreed to give all four of the contested states to the Republicans and Hayes if they agreed to end Reconstruction and remove the federal troops from the South (Wormley Hotel Agreement) The North won the Civil War, but the South won Reconstruction

“Regional Balance? ”

“The New South” • Idea articulated by Henry Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution in the 1880’s • The Old South was based on plantation slavery, the New South would be urban and industrial like the North • Did it come true? Vs.

Economic Progress • Boom in textiles • Tobacco and cigarette production, James Duke • Steel-Birmingham • Memphis center of the lumber industry • Agriculture- George Washington Carver promoted peanut production to replace cotton

Continued Poverty a funeral once in Pickens county in my State. • Sharecropping/ cotton I. . attended This funeral was peculiarly sad. It was a poor fellow. buried him in the midst of a marble quarry: they production continues They cut through solid marble to make his grave; and yet a little tombstone they put above him was from Vermont. • Cycle of debt They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They • Poor education systemburied him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburg. They buried him by the • Late start side of the best sheep-grazing country on the earth, and yet the wool in the coffin bands and the coffin bands industrializing themselves were brought from the North. The South didn’t furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the • Most business owned corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they by Northern investors buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from and banks Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he and for which he fought for four years, but the • Did the South become lived, chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones. -Henry Grady to the Bay State Club of a colony of the North? Boston, 1889

Per Capita Income Black White Avg. 1857 $28. 95 124. 79 74. 28 1879 42. 22 80. 57 60. 13 • The South did not recover economically from the war until the 1940’s

Politics • Solid South is the electoral support of the Southern US (Former CSA) for the Democratic Party candidates for nearly a century from 1877, the end of Reconstruction, to 1964, during the middle of the Civil Rights era.

Nadir (low point) of Race Relations • Civil Rights Act of 1875 & 14 th Amendment supposed to protect Black Civil Rights • Instead Jim Crow laws developed that legally separated the races in all parts of Southern society – Education, public restrooms, theatres, trains…

Segregated Drinking Fountain • Routine acts like using a rest room or getting a drink were an exercise in humiliation for blacks. • Blacks who challenged “Jim Crow” laws often met with violence.

Black Codes were not the same as Jim Crow Laws • • • The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to negate the results of the war. After winning large majorities in the 1866 elections, the Republicans put the South under military rule. They held new elections in which the Freedmen could vote. Suffrage was also expanded to poor whites. The new governments repealed all the Black Codes; The 14 th Amendment's equal protection clause ensured that the Black Codes could not reappear in southern legislation. It was adopted on July 9 th, 1868. The Black Codes of the 1860 s are not the same as the Jim Crow laws. The Black Codes were in reaction to the abolition of slavery and the South's defeat in the Civil War. Southern legislatures enacted them in the 1860 s. The Jim Crow era began later, nearer to the end of the 19 th century after Reconstruction.

Voting Rights After Reconstruction • Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses were all used to deny blacks the right to vote. • The 15 th amendment was circumvented.

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 • The US Supreme Court officially approved segregated facilities.

“Separate but Equal” • The court found that states could legally separate the races by providing “separate but equal” facilities. • This, according to the Court, would not violate the equal protection clause of the 14 th Amendment • Of course, from schools to waiting rooms at train stations the facilities were not equal.

The United States of America are a great place to live. Vs. The United States of America is a great place to live

The End

True or False • All states in the Confederacy were slave states

True or False • All US slave states joined the Confederacy

True or False • All Union states were free states.

True or False • The Civil War began as a war to end slavery

True or False • The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves.

True or False • Pre-Civil War 1860, politically and publicly, Lincoln was more of an abolitionist than Free Soiler.

True or False • Lincoln was a radical Republican.

True or False • Land, on a large scale, was redistributed to freedman.

True or False • Most former slaves became tenant farmers.

True or False • The KKK was an instrument of the Democratic Party in the South.

True or False • Jim Crow segregation developed during Reconstruction.

True or False • The 15 th Amendment said that the right to vote could not be denied because of race.

True or False • Andrew Johnson was removed from office.

True or False • Black Codes were passed in the South to implement Jim Crow laws.