The End of the Civil War and Reconstruction

The End of the Civil War and Reconstruction - Final Battles - Surrender - Re-election, Assassination - Reconstruction Mrs. Quimby Quincy High School -Juniors-

Re-Cap: Civil War • Fugitive Slave Act - 1850 - Stated that all escaped slaves must be returned to slavery in the South. Led to many free people being enslaved as well. - Made many Northern people support the Abolitionist movement. • Abolitionist Movement & Underground Railroad – Harriet Tubman - Escaped slave (aka Moses) who made many trips into the south, and helped free hundreds of people from slavery. – Dred Scott v. Sandford - Supreme court decision in favor of slavery. Scott sued for freedom; the court decided that Scott was not a citizen, and could not legally sue anyone. • Abraham Lincoln as President - 1860 - Anti-slavery, supported popular sovereignty. Republican.

Re-Cap: Civil War • Crisis of Union - Southern states secede (leave the Union). They feel oppressed by Northern states, and feel the federal government is too strong. They want a loose “Confederacy” of states. • Confederacy of the United States - Jefferson Davis is elected President of the Confederacy. Robert E. Lee becomes general of Confederate army. South has good leaders, but a small population (mostly farmers). Most of Southern economy is agriculture. • Major Battles -Confederacy wins many major battles. - Fort Sumter - First shots of the war. Confeds believe Union is prepping to battle, and fire. - Lee invades North. Confed victories at Bull Run. - Union victories at Antietam forces Lee to stop advancing North.

Re-Cap: Civil War • Emancipation Proclamation - After victory at Antietam Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation - Frees all slaves in the South. Does not free Northern/Border State slaves. - South at this point has declared independence. South does not believe Emancipation Proclamation is valid. • Turning Point: Battle of Gettysburg - Battle of Gettysburg is bloodiest battle of the war. Approx 50, 000 people lost. Turning point of the war. Union begins to win. - Lincoln issues now-famous Gettysburg address: “A government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from this earth!” • Final Battles of the War

Civil War - Final Battles • By Spring, 1864 the Union army was controlled by General Ulysses S. Grant • Grant had a mediocre career before the Civil War. – He was a mediocre student, a failed businessman, and an undistinguished officer. – However, it was his strategic decisions that won the war for the Union. • Grant insisted on “unconditional surrender” after winning an early battle. – He gained a reputation for never compromising with the enemy.

Civil War - Final Battles • Lincoln placed Grant in command of all the Union troops. • Grant won battle after battle • He pushed the Union army relentlessly - chasing Robert E. Lee’s Confederate army out of Union territory and back South. • However, Grant’s tactics also meant that some called him a “butcher” - accusing him of continuing to fight despite mounting casualties. • Grant captured Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River. A victory at Chattanooga allowed the Union army to invade Georgia. • Lincoln gave Grant the title of Lieutenant General

Civil War - Final Battles • The Wilderness Campaign - Who can summarize? - Grant and Lee’s armies faced off in the forests of Virginia. - Battle lasted two days - even in the choking smoke of the burning forest. - Grant didn’t allow his troops to rest, forcing them to march until they reached Spotsylvania. • Cold Harbor - Who can summarize? - Grant couldn’t defeat the Confederates at Spotsylvania, and moved on to Cold Harbor instead. - Grant lost 7, 000 troops. - Lee’s army lost 1, 500. - Grant: “I regret this assault more than any one I have ever ordered. ”

Civil War - Final Battles • The Siege of Petersburg - Who can summarize? - Grant realized that fighting through the lines at Petersburg would cost a lot of lives. - He decided to put the city under siege. - What is a siege? A siege is when an army surrounds a stronghold held by their enemy. They prevent supplies from getting into the stronghold, and wait the enemy out. - After 9 months, Lee couldn’t hold out any longer. - Lee and his army tried to escape Petersburg, but were met by Grant’s troops.

Civil War - Final Battles • Mobile, Alabama – David Farragut took the Union fleet (ships) into Mobile Bay. Farragut closed off the bay - meaning the South could not get any supplies shipped in. • Atlanta, Georgia – General William T. Sherman has his army cut supply routes and ruin railroad tracks. – What is a Sherman necktie?

Civil War - Final Battles • Sherman’s March to the Sea – Sherman’s next step was to divide the Confederacy – If he marched his army to the sea, he would greatly weaken the Confederate states. – Sherman’s army marched through Atlanta and destroyed everything in their path. Sherman’s army burned down more than 1/3 rd of the city. – From Georgia, the army moved through South Carolina. – There, Sherman’s army wreaked havoc on the state burning, pillaging, and taking supplies. Why did the Union Army focus much of its anger at South Carolina? South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union. Many blamed it for starting the war.

Civil War - Reelection • Lincoln was reelected in 1864. • He worried that the unpopular would make him lose the election, but Union victories helped gain support for Lincoln. • As the first act of his second term, Lincoln passed the Thirteenth Amendment. The Thirteenth Amendment - Outlawed slavery in the United States - Freed all slaves HOWEVER: African Americans were still not officially citizens, and could not vote.

Civil War - Surrender • Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865. • Grant - famous for only allowing unconditional surrender in battle - gave generous terms • What were the terms of surrender? Terms of Surrender - The United States would not prosecute Confederate soldiers for treason - Confederate soldiers could return home with their horses to “put in a crop” - All “arms and supplies” would be given to the Union army Why were these terms so generous?

Civil War - Assassination • Lincoln was assassinated April 14, 1865 - only five days after the end of the Civil War. • John Wilkes Booth - an actor and confederate sympathizer - put together a plot to assassinate Lincoln, Grant, and several other important politicians. • Only Booth was successful - he shot Lincoln in the head, and Lincoln died several hours later. • Lincoln’s Vice President, Andrew Johnson, became President

Reconstruction • Lincoln’s Vice President, Andrew Johnson, became President after Lincoln’s death. • The major issue of Johnson’s presidency was reconstruction. Writing - Do Now What problems do you think Johnson faced when he became President? Why? Write at least 2 paragraphs Reconstruction Issues -Johnson and his cabinet had to decide under what terms/how would the Southern states re-join the Union. - The Southern economy was in pieces and had to be repaired - There were now thousands of free African Americans living in the South - the whole Southern social structure had to be re-done

Reconstruction - South • Because of the Civil War, and specific destructive campaigns such as Sherman’s march, much of the Southern infrastructure was destroyed. – Roads were blocked, towns were burned, and train tracks were bent. • The Southern economy had also collapsed. – Confederate money was now worthless - everyone in the South was suddenly penniless. – 2/3 rds of the transportation system was in ruins - bridges were torn down and railroad tracks were twisted • The emancipation of thousands of slaves had thrown the agricultural system into chaos. – No one knew how to replace the slave labor – The South depended on its agriculture for its economy now it had no way to make money.

Reconstruction - Lincoln’s Plan • Lincoln’s Plan: Before he died, Lincoln developed a plan to re-unify the South with the rest of the United States. During the end of the Civil War, as the Union army took Southern cities, Lincoln appointed military governors for the re-conquered land. Lincoln began developing a plan for restoring a regular government in the Southern states. Lincoln wanted a moderate policy that would reconcile the South - not punish it. Lincoln wanted general amnesty (pardon) for all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the United States. Once 10% of citizens in the state had taken the oath, they could organize a new state government. What problems might people have had with Lincoln’s plan?

Reconstruction - Radical Republicans • Not everyone was happy with Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction. • The more Radical Republicans in Congress had a different plan for Reconstruction. • Led by Thaddeus Stevens, the Radical Republicans had three main goals. 1. Prevent the leaders of the Confederacy from returning to power. 2. To ensure that the Republican Party became a powerful institution in the South. 3. The federal government would help African Americans by guaranteeing them the right to vote.

Reconstruction - Wade-Davis Bill -> One suggested solution to the issue of the South was the Wade-Davis Bill • Moderate Republicans thought that the Radical Republicans were too extreme, but that Lincoln was too lenient. -> The Moderates wrote the Wade-Davis Bill. – > The bill required the majority of the adult white males in a former Confederate state to take an oath of allegiance to the Union – The state could then hold a constitutional convention to create a new state government – > Each state would then have to abolish slavery, and not allow any former Confederate government officials to vote or hold office. • The bill passed, but Lincoln allowed it to expire, and it was never made into law. • Lincoln wanted “no persecution” of the former Confederates.

Reconstruction - Freedmen’s Bureau • While the Union government was trying to figure out what to do with the Southern government, there were also other issues. • There were hundreds of thousands of people left unemployed, homeless and hungry when the Union army destroyed their homes. • At the same time, there were thousands of freed African Americans who needed food, and a place to live. – These people had either been freed by Union troops, or at the end of the war, and they looked to the Union army to compensate them. • This crisis of refugees prompted Congress to create the Freedmen’s Bureau.

Reconstruction - Freedmen’s Bureau -> The Freedmen’s Bureau was given the task of feeding and clothing war refugees - both newly freed African Americans and now-homeless Confederate citizens -> The Bureau used surplus army supplies to feed and clothe these refugees. • Starting in September, 1865, the Freedmen’s Bureau issued nearly 30, 000 rations a day for the next year. Without it, there would have been mass starvation. -> The Bureau also helped former slaves find work - negotiating fair labor contracts with planters. – These contracts ensured that workers would be paid a fair wage, and would limit work hours

Reconstruction - Freedmen’s Bureau • Many people thought the Freedmen’s Bureau was doing an excellent job. -> However, many also argued that former slaves should be given more than “forty acres and a mule”. To support themselves. • These people also believed that the federal government should seize (take) Confederate land give it to the freedmen. • However, others argued that this went against individual property rights. -> Although some had issues with the Bureau, it did many good things, including… – Created schools to educate former slaves, including colleges – Provided housing – Fed and clothed thousands of refugees

Johnson’s Plan • By 1865, Johnson began to put his restoration program in action. – This plan was very close to Lincoln’s original plan. -> Amnesty: Johnson offered amnesty to all former citizens of the Confederacy who took an oath of loyalty to the Union. -> HOWEVER: Johnson excluded… former Confederate officers and officials, and all former Confederates who owned $20, 000 worth of property. – Johnson believed it was these people - the rich landowners - who caused the Civil War - and that they did not deserve a pardon. – These people had to apply individually. -> Johnson also required that each state hold a meeting and revoke its ordinance of secession and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment.

Black Codes • Once the former Confederate states established their own state governments again, different issues started to arise. • There were now former Confederates in the US Congress -> In many southern states, new laws were passed about the nowfree African Americans in the South. -> These laws were called Black Codes • The Black Codes varied from state to state but all had similar themes: -> All were intended to keep African Americans in a state similar to slavery -> African Americans were required to enter into annual labor contracts -> Black children had to accept apprenticeships to learn jobs (and if they misbehaved, they could be whipped or beaten) -> Several states set requirements on the time African Americans were required to work, and forced African Americans to get special licenses to work non-agricultural jobs.

Black Codes - Reaction • Black Codes made many Northerners furious. • One Northern official, Gideon Welles the secretary of the navy said: • “The entire South seem to be stupid and vindictive; [they] know not their friends, and are pursuing just the course which their opponents, the Radicals, desire. ” • Welles was saying that not only were the Black Codes unfair, it made the South look bad to everyone. • It also meant that the Radical Republicans (who wanted stricter treatment of the South in the first place) could claim that they had been right all along, and that the Southerners couldn’t be trusted.

Radical Republicans Take Control • The establishment of the Black Codes meant that many more moderate people instead joined the Radical Republicans. -> In late 1865, the Republicans in the House and the Senate created the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. -> Their goal was to develop their own program for rebuilding the Union. • One of these first steps toward reconstruction was the Civil Rights Act of 1866. – It granted citizenship to all people born in the United States except Native Americans. – It allowed African Americans to own property, and said they would be treated equally in court. – This further led to the Fourteenth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment • Republicans worried that the Civil Rights Act would be overturned, so the Fourteenth Amendment was proposed as well. -> This granted citizenship to all people born in the United States, and declared that no state could deprive people of “life, liberty, or property” without “due process of law”. • Violence in the South convinced more and more people to support the Fourteenth Amendment. – In Memphis, Tennessee, White mobs killed 46 African Americans, and burned hundreds of black homes, churches and schools. • The Act was passed in June 1866. – The hope was that the Fourteenth Amendment would help stop violence toward African Americans.

Writing: Do Now • How do you think people reacted to the Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth Amendment? Why? • At least 3 sentences!

Military Reconstruction • Johnson’s reconstruction was not popular – Southern governments had made the Black Codes which angered many people in the country – Passing the 14 th amendment hadn’t stopped violence against African Americans – Johnson faced a huge amount of criticism -> Johnson’s plan for reconstruction fell through. -> Instead, Congressional Republicans passed the Military Reconstruction Act in 1867. -> The act divided the former Confederacy (except Tennessee) into 5 military districts -> A Union general was placed in charge of each district.

Military Reconstruction • Johnson’s reconstruction was not popular – Southern governments had made the Black Codes which angered many people in the country – Passing the 14 th amendment hadn’t stopped violence against African Americans – Johnson faced a huge amount of criticism -> Johnson’s plan for reconstruction fell through. -> Instead, Congressional Republicans passed the Military Reconstruction Act in 1867. -> The act divided the former Confederacy (except Tennessee) into 5 military districts -> A Union general was placed in charge of each district.

Military Reconstruction • In the meantime, each former Confederate state had to hold a new Constitutional convention -> The new constitutions had to give ALL males the right to vote - regardless of race -> The states also had to ratify the fourteenth amendment before being re-admitted to the union. • By 1868, 6 of the 10 “district” states had met the requirements and were allowed to re-join the Union.

Impeachment -> President Johnson was technically a Republican, but tended to vote with Democrats. • The Republicans in Congress knew they had the votes to override any veto, but that Johnson might get in the way. • The Republicans preferred General Grant and Edwin Stanton (Secretary of War) -> The Republicans passed the Tenure of Office Act. This required all orders from the President to go through Grant and Stanton.

Impeachment • Johnson tried to fire Stanton. • Stanton responded by locking himself into his office, and refusing to leave -> The House of Representatives responded by voting to impeach Johnson -> The charge was: “high crimes and misdemeanors” specifically that Johnson had broken the law by refusing to follow the Tenure of Office Act. -> The Senate put the President on trial.

Impeachment • The Senate debated for two months about what to do with the President. • On May 16, 1868, the Senate voted on the President’s fate. • If two-thirds of the senate voted that Johnson was guilty, he would be forced to leave office. -> The vote came down to 35 to 19 - just ONE vote short of the two thirds. -> Many people believed it would set a bad example to impeach the President simply because he didn’t always agree with Congress. • However, Johnson did not run for President in 1868 - he was embarrassed and felt defeated. -> Instead, popular General Grant (Republican) won the Presidency.

Changes in the South • Things in the South were changing, both socially and politically. -> For the first time, African-Americans could take an active part in politics. -> The first African-American political leaders came from those who had been educated before the war. • These people often lived in the North and many had been in the Union army. • Within a few years, many African-Americans had become legislators and administrators. -> Dozens of African- Americans served in state government -> 14 were elected to the House of Representatives, and 2 to the Senate - all representing Southern states.

Changes in the South • Things in the South were changing, both socially and politically. • For the first time, African-Americans could take an active part in politics. • The first African-American political leaders came from those who had been educated before the war. • These people often lived in the North and many had been in the Union army. • Within a few years, many African-Americans had become legislators and administrators. • Dozens of African- Americans served in state government • 14 were elected to the House of Representatives, and 2 to the Senate - all representing Southern states. Pictured here are Senator Hiram R. Revels and Representatives Benjamin S. Turner, Josiah T. Walls, Joseph H. Rainey, Robert Brown Elliot, Robert D. De Large, and Jefferson H. Long. (1872)

Reaction to African Americans in Politics • Many Southerners had issues with African. Americans taking a role in politics. -> Some Southerners claimed “Black Republicanism” ruled the South. • This was exaggerated, however. There was not enough of a majority for “Black Republicans” to be the only force of change in the South. -> Many poor white farmers in the South also voted Republican. -> This allowed a strong Republican majority in the South.

Republican Reforms -> The Republicans in the South started making changes -> They repealed the Black Codes -> They made many state offices elective - so that people would need to be voted in to office -> They established state hospitals, orphanages, and homes for the mentally ill -> They rebuilt roads, bridges, and railways -> They built a system of public schools • There were problems, however • State governments had to borrow money, and increase taxes to pay for these programs and repairs • Some officials were also corrupt, and would take state money for their own use.

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