The English Civil War Timeline for English Civil
- Slides: 55
The English Civil War
Timeline for English Civil War/Revolution • 1625: Charles I becomes king and marries a Catholic • 1628: Parliament draft Petition of Right, limiting taxation, incarceration and troop billeting • 1630 s: the monarchy taxes by expanding legal authority • 1642: Outbreak of War between King & Parliament • 1645: Parliament captures king • 1649: Charles I executed • 1650: Blasphemy Act, Commonwealth Act • 1650 s: England operates as a Puritan state • 1658: Cromwell dies • 1660: Coronation of Charles II • 1688: Glorious Revolution: Protestants, William and Mary, replace Catholic James II as king
Charles I • Maintained a lifelong devotion to the divine right of kings • Even his advocates considered him less than brilliant and lacking people skills • By Van Dyck, 1635
Edward Coke, 1552 -1634 • Champion of Common Law against Stuarts’ support of royal prerogative • Author of the Petition of Right, 1628 • Rival of Francis Bacon
Petition of Right, May-June, 1628
Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, was the principal adviser to Charles I from 1629 -1641. He was responsible for raising taxes without parliamentary approval.
William Laud was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 -45. He reinstituted Catholic rituals and forms of dress, such as the surplice, among the clergy.
The English Try to Impose Religious Practices on the Scotts 1638
Reaction to the Book of Common Prayer 1637
Short Parliament April 1640 Long Parliament 1640 -1648
John Pym
Irish Rebellion 1641 -1642
The Eve of Edgehill, 1642
First English Civil War, 1642 -1645
Prince Rupert, 1619 -82 • Charles’ nephew with mixed record on the battlefield • Prince of the Palatinate in HRE • Commander of royalist cavalry • Animosity with Charles’ English councilors • Abandoned royalist cause in 1645 shortly after Naseby • Member of Privy Council under Charles II
Initially leadership of the parliamentarian army fell into the hands of Robert Devereux, 3 rd Earl of Essex He demonstrated his lack of leadership within a year.
The Earl of Manchester was another Parliamentary commander who demonstrated lack of zeal in defeating the king. He fled the battlefield at Marston Moor.
Oliver Cromwell, 1599 -1658 • Member of the gentry who had profited from the dissolution • Parliamentary leader of the New Model Army • Ardent Puritan but advocated religious toleration • Lord Protector, 1653 -8
Oliver Cromwell cemented his reputation as a cavalry commander at Marston Moor on July 2, 1644
Marston Moor, 1644
Thomas Fairfax, 1612 -71 • Commander of forces at decisive battle of Marston Moor, 1644, which gave Parliament control of York and the North
Thomas Fairfax • Outstanding military leader who demonstrated considerable personal bravery on the battlefield • Reluctantly involved in politics • Refused to sit on council that condemned Charles I • Retired from politics after Charles II desecrated the remains of Cromwell in 1661
The New Model Army 1645 Roundheads & Levellers
Royalist sympathizers were purged from Parliament in 1648
Execution of Charles I, Jan 1649
Cromwell increased his control over the government when after the execution of Charles I in 1649
Why did Puritans prove incapable of maintaining popular support?
What issues were prominent among the pamphlets in the 1640 s and 1650 s? A. The threats posed by Jews, Catholics, and Turks B. The threats posed by Ranters and Charlatans C. The threats posed by witches and prostitutes D. The threats posed by Spanish tobacco and strong ale E. All of the above
What actions did the Puritans government take against these concerns? A. Passed laws with strict penalties against sexual misconduct B. Passed laws with strict penalties for blasphemy C. Required ales to be low alcohol D. Passed Blue Laws E. All of the above
Discuss Friedman, pp. 157 -201 • What did the pamphlets have to say about… – Alcohol – Tobacco & Spanish Tobacco – Prostitution • How did women spread evil according to the pamphlets? • How did the Bible, medical explanations, and pornography spread misogynistic assumptions? • How did the Commonwealth Act address fears about the evil influence of women?
Discuss Friedman, pp. 157 -201 • How did the pamphlets’ portrayals of witches resemble the treatment of prostitutes and religious sectaries? • What were the political implications of the popularity of Captain James Hind? • How did he differ from the Brothers of the Blade? • How did he resemble or differ from Robin Hood?
Charles II, 1660 -1685 The Merry Monarch
James II, 1633 -1701 • Ruled 1685 -88 • Had extensive military experience in service of French and Spanish armies • Became Lord High Admiral in 1660 • Converted to Catholicism in 1668 -9 • Parliament became increasingly concerned over the prospect of his succession
Protestants William and Mary became monarchs after the Glorious Revolution of 1688
Discuss the Revolution & Friedman • Was the English Revolution progressive or reactionary? • In what sense were the Puritans progressives? • What signs point to a radicalization of the opposition to the crown in the 1640 s? • What made this civil war a revolution?
Discuss Freidman • What did Charles’s opponents do to alienate popular support for their cause? • What was the Commonwealth Act of 1650? • How did Blue Laws and Parliament Ale generate hostility toward Puritan rule?
Discuss Friedman • What was the combined impact of pamphlets about witches, Spanish tobacco, and Ranters? • Why did the revolution fail? • In what sense did it succeed?
Overview • • Trigger Events Short & Long Parliament Polarization of Factions The War
The English Civil War 1640 -1648 Its causes, course of events, and eventual settlement
Overview • Background • Developments Prior to James I • Conflict between King and Parliament – The accession of James I – Rising tensions under Charles II • • The Long Parliament The Civil War The Interregnum The Restoration of the Stuarts
Background • The War itself was fairly brief; fighting was pretty much confined to the period 1642 -5 – the devastation was mild in comparison to the Thirty Years War – like the Thirty Years War it involved a tangle of religion and constitutional issues – unlike the Thirty Years War, it involved no foreign troops other than the Scottish, who would be formally incorporated into a single polity with the English in the early 18 th century - the Act of Union (1707) – to understand the war, it is necessary to review the legal, socio-economic and religious developments
Developments Prior to James I • Rising influence of the House of Commons – Begins in the 14 th century • The power of the purse • Impeachment of royal ministers • Rising influence of the gentry – Control of local politics – Increasing influence in Commons – The depletion of the nobility in the 15 th century – 16 th century advances • Royal patronage • Overseas trade & intermingling with merchant
Developments Prior to James I • The English legal traditions – Ecclesiastical Courts – Royal Courts aka “Prerogative Courts” • Star Chamber (used Roman Law) • Courts of High Commission (distribution of Ecclesiastical property) • several others – Common Law reflected medieval practices, such as jury trials – Reverence for ancient customs & traditions – Statutory laws versus legal holdings
Developments Prior to James I • The English Reformation – Begins as the most conservative Reformation in Europe • retains sacraments • retains episcopal structure – Increasing resentment toward vestiges of papism – Calls for purification and the emergence of Puritans • Puritanism spreads among the influential gentry
The Accession of James I (160325) • The debt legacy of Elizabeth • The ideology of absolutism – Unlimited royal authority – The relationship between the king and the law • Cultural animosity – James was a Scot – He had little appreciation of English Legal Tradition
Conflict between King & Parliament • The impeachment of royal favorites • The opposition leader: Sir Edward Coke – Fierce advocate of English common law – His Institutes make him a legendary figure during his own lifetime – Conflict with James – Coke’s imprisonment – The legend lives on
Rising Tensions Under Charles I • The Petition of Right – Parliamentary demands – End of imprisonment without cause (habeas corpus) – No taxation without parliamentary consent – No martial law in peacetime – No billeting of troops forced upon citizens • Charles agrees in order to pass tax levies but then renegs
Rising Tensions Under Charles I (1625 -49) • Demands for Ecclesiastical Reforms – Puritans call for presbyterial system – meanwhile James’ wife practices Catholicism • The ascendance of William Laud (late 1620 s) – mild Calvinism; persecution of Puritans, who flee to N. America – revision of the prayer books – introduction of the new prayer book in Scotland (1637) • Religious Rebellion ensues – determined Scots vs. apathetic English
The Long Parliament • Called in November 1640 and lasted 13 years – Opportunity to force political concession from the crown • Dissolution of royal courts • Writ of habeas corpus reaffirmed • Taxation without consent of parliament becomes illegal • Parliament must assemble at a minimum of once every three years – Impeachment and execution of Charles’ favorite advisor, the Earl of Stafford
The Civil War (1640 -1648) • Charles raises an army and declares parliamentary leaders to be traitors • Parliamentary forces win decisive victory in June 1645 • Initially Parliament sought concession from the king but after two years of inconclusive negotiations, royalist forces resumed the war at Charles prodding • The Rump Parliament follows the defeat of Charles forces in 1648 – early 1649 Charles declared a traitor and executed in
The Interregnum (1648 -1660) • Oliver Cromwell established himself as the leading general of parliamentary forces during the civil war – devout puritan – ardent parliamentarian – assumes control of the government in the early 1650 s as Lord Protector; refuses the crown on several occasions – dies in 1658 • Profusion of religious factions during the Interregnum – Levellers - salvation depended on the elimination of social hierarchy
The Restoration (1660 -1688) • After a brief interlude of rule by Cromwell’s inept son, Parliament invites Charles II to accept the crown in 1660 • Charles struggles with many of the same problems that plagued his father and grandfather but Parliament’s supremacy remains unquestioned • Charles was succeeded by his Catholic brother, James II, whose Catholicism made him highly unpopular • James II places Catholics in positions of authority • Shortly after the birth of a Catholic heir to the throne, Parliament began negotiations with William of Orange, a Dutch Protestant married to James eldest daughter,
Summary • Unlike the Thirty Years War, the armies of the English Civil War were not composed of mercenaries; for the most part political and religious convictions determined who would fight for the opposing sides; one indication of this phenomenon is the large number of women who volunteered to join the Parliamentarian armies • The war helped to institutionalize many constitutional principles, including the supremacy of Parliament and the inviolability of English Common Law
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