UNIT 5 CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION VOCABULARY Abolish

UNIT 5: CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

VOCABULARY: � Abolish- formally put an end to a system, practice or institute � Secede- withdraw formally from membership in a federal union, an alliance, or a political or religious organization.

� Emancipate- set free, especially from legal, social, or political restrictions. � Ballot- a process of voting, in writing and typically in secret. � Surrender- cease resistance to an enemy or opponent and submit to their authority.

� Literacy- the ability to read and write. � Discrimination- the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or gender.

� Racism-the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. � Segregation- the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.

� Amnesty- an official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses. � Nullify- make of no use or value; cancel out. � Subjugation- It has to do with one group of people dominating another group by taking away their freedom.

� Disenfranchise- deprive (someone) of the right to vote or a right or privilege � Conscription- compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

1819 11 free states and 11 slave states � Problem � Senate � 2 - what to do with new territories? consist of : representatives from each state � House of Representatives: � based � slave on states population- states had more representatives

WHY IS THIS A PROBLEM? ? � 1820 -2 territories want to enter �Maine �Missouri (about 2, 000 slaves) � What is the dilemma for Congress?

MISSOURI COMPROMISE � Also known as the Compromise of 1820 � Maine enters as a free state � Missouri enters as a slave state � No slavery would be allowed north of the 36’ 30” line

INTERACTIVE MAP � Interactive � The Map Missouri Compromise was a temporary solution to the questions of slavery and territorial rights.

� Senator Henry Clay suggested drawing a line at the 36º-30' N. latitude. � Slavery would be banned everywhere north of this line. � Missouri would join as a slave state, Maine as a free state.

SOUTHERN RESPONSE � South realized that this compromise threatened the balance between free and slave states � WHY? � South felt the US would need territories from Mexico’s territory in which to expand slavery the only area left was in Arkansas

QUESTION 1 1. a. b. c. d. Which statement best describes the failure of the Missouri Compromise? Compromise kept a balance between slave and free states Compromise is only possible among rational people Compromise did not prevent the Civil War Compromise is usually short lived

QUESTION 2 2. a. b. c. d. The purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to Return slaves captured in free states to slave states Allow slavery in Maine but not in Missouri Maintain a balance of free and slave states Let Missouri have slavery until 1850

Loyalty to a region ISSUE SECTIONALISM NORTH WEST SOUTH Henry Clay (KY) John Calhoun (S. C. ) Tariffs Labor Western Land Currency Improvements Daniel Webster (Mass)

Taxes on Imported goods SECTIONALISM ISSUE NORTH WEST SOUTH Tariffs HIGH LOW Labor Western Land Currency Improvements

SECTIONALISM ISSUE NORTH WEST SOUTH Tariffs HIGH LOW Labor FREE SLAVE Western Land Currency Improvements

SECTIONALISM ISSUE NORTH WEST SOUTH Tariffs HIGH LOW Labor FREE SLAVE Western Land EXPENSIVE CHEAP Currency Improvements

ISSUE NORTH WEST SOUTH Tariffs HIGH LOW FREE SLAVE CHEAP $ Labor FREE Money based Western EXPENSIVE On gold Land Currency Improvements RELIABLE Use Paper Money CHEAP

SECTIONALISM ISSUE NORTH WEST SOUTH Tariffs HIGH LOW Labor FREE SLAVE EXPENSIVE CHEAP canals Currency RELIABLE CHEAP $ Improvements YES NO Such as Western the building of Land roads and

THE MEXICAN WAR OF 1846 -1848

CAUSES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO � Annexation of Texas � Rio Grande or Nueces? ? ? � America wanted Mexican Territory � $30 million offered for New Mexico & California � 1846 -minor clash took place in disputed land between the rivers

Mexico claims Nueces River as the border. U. S. Claims Rio Grande as the border.

TREATY OF GUADALUPE-HIDALGO America gains a relatively quick and easy military victory---takes longer to march South than to win the war � Rio Grande established as Southern border of Texas � Mexican Cession for $15 million � � Parts of present day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico

PROBLEMS California Gold Rush of 1849 After the war with Mexico (1848) what would the U. S. do with lands west of the Rocky Mountains? The Missouri Compromise only applied to lands east of the Rockies.

COMPROMISE OF 1850 CALIFORNIA WANTS TO JOIN UNION AS A FREE STATE POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY - LET PEOPLE VOTE TERRITORIES ABOLISH SELLING OF SLAVES IN D. C. STRICTER FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW

RUNAWAY SLAVE AD

Enters as a Free State. These territories were open to slavery.

VIDEO QUESTIONS 1. Why did Sen. Douglas propose the act? 2. How did this law affect the Missouri Compromise? Why? 3. How do some Northerners (especially in Wisconsin) react to this law?

VIDEO QUESTIONS 1. Why did Sen. Douglas propose the act? 2. How did this law affect the Missouri Compromise? Why? 3. How do some Northerners (especially in Wisconsin) react to this law?

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT � Stephen Douglas proposed that the Nebraska Territory be split into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. � The settlers living in each territory would be able to decide the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty.

FEELINGS ON THE ACT � Southern leaders supported it because they assumed Missouri farmers with slaves would move across the border. � � President Franklin Pierce supported the bill and pushed it through Congress. Northerners were unhappy with the decision. Said Missouri Compromise had already banned slavery in the area and that this repealed that act. � Some protested by openly challenging the Fugitive Slave Act �

THE CRISIS TURNS VIOLENT � Kansas was now open for settlement. Antislavery settlers moved from New England � Proslavery groups also came in � � Border � Ruffians – gangs that battled anti-slavery forces Two Governments – 1855 Kansas held elections Border Ruffians came in and voted illegally and elected a proslavery legislature � Antislavery settlers refused to accept the proslavery laws. � Because of these issues, gangs roamed the territory. �

“BLEEDING KANSAS” � Proslavery men destroyed homes and smashed newspaper offices. � John Brown, an abolitionist, decided to strike back � He and six men murdered five proslavery settlers. � Both sides engaged in guerilla warfare. � More than 200 people were killed.

THE DRED SCOTT CASE � Dred Scott Case (1857) – Scott was a slave who moved with his owner to Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, which did not allow slavery. � After they returned to Missouri, Scott’s owner died. � Antislavery lawyers helped his bring a lawsuit stating that because Scott lived in a free state, he had become a free man.

THE DRED SCOTT DECISION � Dred Scott v. Sandford � Court ruled that Scott could not file a lawsuit because as an enslaved person, he was not a citizen. � Court also said that Congress did not have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory � Made Missouri Compromise unconstitutional � Reactions: � White Southerners were thrilled with the decision because it allowed slavery everywhere. � Northerners and African Americans were outraged. � Held meetings to protest

�Fugitive Slave Act satisfies Southern planters but angers Northern abolitionists �makes it a serious federal crime to assist runaway slaves �abolitionists resist the Fugitive Slave Act by using the "Underground Railroad"

ABRAHAM LINCOLN � 16 th President of the United States � Part of the Republican Party � Lincoln won the 1860 election and was inaugurated as president in March of 1861 � Southern States did NOT want Lincoln to be President.

� Presidential debates for 1860 election �debates over the extension of slavery into new territories �Democrats = supports popular sovereignty �Republicans = no slavery in new territories

� Election of 1860 > Abraham Lincoln elected president �first Republican to be elected president �South fears that it will result in the end of slavery � Seven Southern states secede from the Union and form the Confederacy (C. S. A. ) under president Jefferson Davis.

� The Republicans promised not to disturb slavery where it existed � Many Southerners did not trust the Republican Party to protect their rights � December 20, 1860 - South Carolina seceded � Other states debated secession � US leaders worked for a compromise

THE CONFEDERACY � By February 1861 - Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia (+South Carolina) had seceded � February 4 th- delegates from these states met to form a new nation � The Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as their president � Southerners justified secession with theory of states’ rights � They argued that the states voluntarily entered the Union

THE CONFEDERACY � They defined the Constitution as a contract among the independent states � They believed the national government violated that contract by refusing to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act � Also by denying Southern states equal rights in the territories � Because of these reasons, the states had a right to leave the Union

� Long-term Causes of the Civil War �Lincoln's election represented the growing strength of the federal government over the states

� Why did the southern states secede? �They feared that increased federal powers would be used to control the states & ban slavery � What was the war about? �(Confederacy) states‘ rights and secession vs. (Union) the power of the federal government

�April 12, 1861 Fort Sumter (SC) > The Civil War begins �Lincoln raises troops to put down the rebellion �AR, TN, VA, NC join the Confederacy

FORT SUMTER � Confederate forces started taking U. S. forts within their states � Lincoln didn’t want to start a war, but allowing the Confederates to keep them would amount to admitting their right to secede � Fort Sumter was a fort on an island guarding Charleston Harbor

�The Union military strategy: The Anaconda Plan �Naval blockade of Southern ports �Capture Richmond �Control the Mississippi River �The Confederate military strategy �get foreign aid & recognition from Britain and France

UNION Railroads + Money + Technology + Higher population + Weak military leaders - Confederate Generals + Skilled soldiers + Passion + Home Turf + Weak economy Transportation issues - Lack of factories -

� Video

� July 1861 First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas �first major battle of the war >Confederate victory �Video � Sept. 1862 Antietam bloodiest day of the war > stalemate � Video

�January 1863 Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation �declares that slaves in areas of rebellion shall be freed �ending slavery becomes a new goal or "higher purpose“ �Video

�July 1863 Gettysburg �Turning point > Union victory �last offensive for Robert E. Lee and the Confederacy � Battle Video � Address Video

� July 1863 Vicksburg � Turning point > Union gains control of the Mississippi River � 1864 Ulysses S. Grant appointed to be commander of the whole Union army � 1864 Sherman's March to the Sea � General William T. Sherman's (U. S. ) army uses "total war" to destroy plantations & railroads � Total war- a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued

� April 1865 Appomattox (Virginia) �Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant

� What was Lincoln's primary goal at beginning of the Civil War? �Preserve the Union � The end of the Civil War means the end of slavery!

�April 14, 1865 Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth �VPAndrew Johnson will become president and carry out Lincoln's Reconstruction plans

� Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan: �lenient plan with goal of quick re-admission for Southern states into the Union; offers forgiveness to Confederates � Johnson’s Plan (Presidential Reconstruction): �Confederate states must meet the following conditions to be readmitted: �Swear allegiance to the Union �Annul Confederate war debts �Ratify the 13 th amendment (abolishes

� Congressional Reconstruction plans � Military Reconstruction Acts (1867) set requirements for readmission of the southern states �new state constitutions must guarantee black male suffrage �states must ratify the 14 th Amendment (guarantees civil rights) �South divided into military districts under federal occupation

Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery Fourteenth Amendment guarantees civil rights citizenship for African-Americans equal protection under the law Fifteenth Amendment guarantees black male suffrage 14 th and 15 th amendments ineffective because states do not enforce them!!

�Civil Rights Act of 1866 passed to grant citizenship to African. Americans �� Freedman's Bureau created to provide education and social services to former slaves

� The end of Republican control in the South caused by. . . �Ku Klux Klan tries to restore white rule by using fear, intimidation, and violence against Republicans �Political corruption and economic depression causes declining support for Reconstruction policies � Democrats begin to regain power as Southern states are readmitted to the Union

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN RECONSTRUCTION ENDS? � 1880 s-1890 s Solid South under Democratic Party control �Jim Crow laws passed to discriminate against African-Americans and keep whites at the top of the social order �Segregation in public accomodations �Literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses used to restrict black voting rights � video

�Compromise of 1877 compromise between Reps. and Dems. over the presidential election of 1876 �federal involvement in the South ends

� Plantation owners want to re-establish control, but freedmen refuse to work like slaves � New labor arrangements must be made to replace slave labor �Sharecropping: landowners lease land equipment to farmworkers in exchange for a share of the yearly crop �debt and poverty �Tenant farmers: pay cash to landowners to rent farmland

� Sharecropping Video � Tenant Farming

LINCOLN MOVIE! � Create your own movie poster to promote the film. The following items should be included: �A tagline under the movie title that summarizes the “essence” of the movie. Your tagline should be one sentence or phase that captures the main focus of the movie. � Your review of the film. Out of 5 stars, how many stars would you give the movie? Give a 2 -3 sentence explanation for your opinion. � An image that captures the most important scene from the movie in your opinion.

EXAMPLES “The world will be watching” – The Hunger Games “An adventure 65 million years in the making” – Jurassic Park